{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T17:13:01Z","timestamp":1788282781861,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670889600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012681","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum K\u00f6ln","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The aim of the present study was to develop a technical process to reproducibly generate terrible triad injuries (TTI) in fresh-frozen human cadaveric specimens, while leaving the skin intact. Such \u201cpre-fractured\u201d specimens, used for scientific analysis and for surgical education, might help to improve current treatment, which is complex and prone to complications.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To induce the desired fractures, a custom-made fracturing unit was used to apply an axial force on the extended cadaveric elbow specimens, with the forearm pronated and under valgus load. To simulate the valgus load, a pneumatic cylinder was developed to apply valgus stress to the joint by an additional force vector from the lateral side of the joint.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The success rate of TTI induction was 92.3% (12\/13). Of the 12 radial head fractures, 3 (25%) were classified Mason type II and 9 (75%) Mason type III. The coronoid fractures were grouped in tip subtype 2 (5 fractures, 41.7%), anteromedial facet (AMF) subtype 2 (4 fractures, 33.3%), AMF subtype 3 (1 fracture, 8.3%) and basal subtype 1 (2 fractures, 16.7%).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The present study provides an instrument for successful and reproducible production of dislocation fracture patterns with their typical accompanying soft tissue lesions. The methodology might be applied on a broad basis to be able to perform biomechanical studies regarding primary stability of fixation concepts for TTI and to educate surgeons in a fairly realistic scenario with the surgical treatment of TTI.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-022-04677-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T10:12:19Z","timestamp":1670926339000},"page":"4229-4237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The simulation of terrible triad injuries in fresh-frozen human cadaveric specimens with intact soft tissue envelope"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"143","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4780-6875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Lanzerath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jutta","family":"Knifka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Leschinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Ott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Kahmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hackl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars P.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kilian","family":"Wegmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"4677_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.5435\/jaaos-20-07-410","volume":"20","author":"K Atesok","year":"2012","unstructured":"Atesok K, Mabrey JD, Jazrawi LM, Egol KA (2012) Surgical simulation in orthopaedic skills training. 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Kilian Wegmann and Lars Peter M\u00fcller are paid consultants for Medartis and Arthrex. Michael Hackl has a travelling fellowship sponsored by Wright\/Tornier. He is further a speaker and course instructor for Medartis and Arthrex.\u00a0Fabian\u00a0Lanzerath, Lars\u00a0Peter\u00a0M\u00fcller\u00a0and Kilian\u00a0Wegmann are inventors of the subject matter of the patent application DE 10 2021 107 222 A1 with University of Cologne being applicant.\u00a0","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in our study involving human cadavers were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee (Ethical Committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne-VT 20-1399) and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}