{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T12:46:41Z","timestamp":1794574001616,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683590400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-023-04893-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T01:21:44Z","timestamp":1683768104000},"page":"5793-5805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Indications and techniques for non-articulating spacers in massive bone loss following prosthetic knee joint infection: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"143","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7798-3306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas P.","family":"Sina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2401-1372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiraz A.","family":"Sabah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Schrednitzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4258-5866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6852-3834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6069-978X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abtin","family":"Alvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"4893_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32344-4","volume":"392","author":"AJ Price","year":"2018","unstructured":"Price AJ, Alvand A, Troelsen A, Katz JN, Hooper G, Gray A et al (2018) Knee replacement. Lancet 392:1672\u20131682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32344-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4893_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ARTH.2017.10.055","volume":"33","author":"CJ White","year":"2018","unstructured":"White CJ, Palmer AJR, Rodriguez-Merchan EC (2018) External fixation vs intramedullary nailing for knee arthrodesis after failed infected total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Arthroplasty 33:1288\u20131295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ARTH.2017.10.055","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"4893_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ARTD.2017.05.003","volume":"3","author":"BD Springer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Springer BD, Cahue S, Etkin CD, Lewallen DG, McGrory BJ (2017) Infection burden in total hip and knee arthroplasties: an international registry-based perspective. Arthroplast Today 3:137\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ARTD.2017.05.003","journal-title":"Arthroplast Today"},{"key":"4893_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.103B10.BJJ-2020-2590.R1","volume":"103-B","author":"SGF Abram","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abram SGF, Sabah SA, Alvand A, Price AJ (2021) Differences in mortality and complication rates following revision knee arthroplasty performed for urgent versus elective indications. Bone Jt J 103-B:1578\u20131585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.103B10.BJJ-2020-2590.R1","journal-title":"Bone Jt J"},{"key":"4893_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/J.KNEE.2020.12.024","volume":"28","author":"SA Sabah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sabah SA, Alvand A, Price AJ (2021) Revision knee replacement for prosthetic joint infection: epidemiology, clinical outcomes and health-economic considerations. Knee 28:417\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.KNEE.2020.12.024","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"4893_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ARTH.2007.10.017","volume":"23","author":"SM Kurtz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kurtz SM, Lau E, Schmier J, Ong KL, Zhao K, Parvizi J (2008) Infection burden for hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States. J Arthroplasty 23:984\u2013991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ARTH.2007.10.017","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"4893_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.97B10.36475","volume":"97-B","author":"T Gehrke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gehrke T, Alijanipour P, Parvizi J (2015) The management of an infected total knee arthroplasty. Bone Jt J 97-B:20\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.97B10.36475","journal-title":"Bone Jt J"},{"key":"4893_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/S12178-018-9495-Y","volume":"11","author":"RS Charette","year":"2018","unstructured":"Charette RS, Melnic CM (2018) Two-stage revision arthroplasty for the treatment of prosthetic joint infection. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 11:332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S12178-018-9495-Y","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"key":"4893_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199712000-00020","volume":"345","author":"TF Calton","year":"1997","unstructured":"Calton TF, Fehring TK, Griffin WL (1997) Bone loss associated with the use of spacer blocks in infected total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 345:148\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003086-199712000-00020","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"4893_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ARTH.2013.02.035","volume":"28","author":"A Luu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Luu A, Syed F, Raman G, Bhalla A, Muldoon E, Hadley S et al (2013) Two-stage arthroplasty for prosthetic joint infection: a systematic review of acute kidney injury, systemic toxicity and infection control. J Arthroplasty 28:1490-1498.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ARTH.2013.02.035","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"4893_CR11","unstructured":"Bone Loss Associated With the Use of Spacer Blocks in Infect...: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research\u00ae (2022). https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/clinorthop\/Abstract\/1997\/12000\/Bone_Loss_Associated_With_the_Use_of_Spacer_Blocks.20.aspx. Accessed 01 Apr 2022"},{"key":"4893_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.5582\/irdr.2017.01049","volume":"6","author":"J Lu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lu J, Han J, Zhang C, Yang Y, Yao Z (2017) Infection after total knee arthroplasty and its gold standard surgical treatment: Spacers used in two-stage revision arthroplasty. Intractable Rare Dis Res 6:256\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5582\/irdr.2017.01049","journal-title":"Intractable Rare Dis Res"},{"key":"4893_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2018.02.008","volume":"15","author":"S Risitano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Risitano S, Sabatini L, Atzori F, Mass\u00e8 A, Indelli PF (2018) Static antibiotic spacers augmented by calcium sulphate impregnated beads in revision TKA: surgical technique and review of literature. J Orthop 15:313\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jor.2018.02.008","journal-title":"J Orthop"},{"key":"4893_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-1880-y","volume":"37","author":"C Carulli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carulli C, Villano M, Civinini R, Matassi F, Nistri L, Innocenti M (2013) A novel technique to preserve range of motion in two-stage revision of infected total knee arthroplasty. Int Orthop 37:1069\u20131074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-013-1880-y","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"4893_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3948638","author":"L Kong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kong L, Mei J, Ge W, Jin X, Chen X, Zhang X et al (2021) Application of 3D printing-assisted articulating spacer in two-stage revision surgery for periprosthetic infection after total knee arthroplasty: a retrospective observational study. Biomed Res Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/3948638","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"4893_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.177587","volume":"50","author":"YP Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen YP, Wu CC, Ho WP (2016) Autoclaved metal-on-cement spacer versus static spacer in two-stage revision in periprosthetic knee infection. Indian J Orthop 50:146\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0019-5413.177587","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"},{"key":"4893_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2011.3.3.245","volume":"3","author":"J Yoo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yoo J, Lee S, Han C, Chang J (2011) The modified static spacers using antibiotic-impregnated cement rod in two-stage revision for infected total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Surg 3:245\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4055\/cios.2011.3.3.245","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Surg"},{"key":"4893_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2021.01.025","volume":"29","author":"M Lo Presti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lo Presti M, Costa GG, Vasco C, Agr\u00f2 G, Poggi A, Neri MP et al (2021) K\u00fcntscher nails with static cement spacer: a simple technique in periprosthetic knee infections with massive bone loss and instability. Knee 29:580\u2013588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2021.01.025","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"4893_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JOR.2020.05.011","volume":"20","author":"N Razii","year":"2020","unstructured":"Razii N, Kakar R, Morgan-Jones R (2020) The, \u201capple core\u201d cement spacer for the management of massive bone loss in two-stage revision knee arthroplasty for infection. J Orthop 20:301\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JOR.2020.05.011","journal-title":"J Orthop"},{"key":"4893_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIRM-20-01","author":"MDJ Peters","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H (2019) Chapter 11: scoping reviews (2020 version). JBI Rev Man. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46658\/JBIRM-20-01","journal-title":"JBI Rev Man"},{"key":"4893_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O\u2019Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D et al (2018) PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med 169:467\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M18-0850","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"4893_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S13643-016-0384-4","author":"M Ouzzani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A (2016) Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13643-016-0384-4","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"4893_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81553-0_18","author":"T Barnavon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barnavon T, Batailler C, Swan J, Laurent F, Ferry T, Lustig S (2022) The use of static spacers in periprosthetic knee infections. Infect Knee Replace. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-81553-0_18","journal-title":"Infect Knee Replace"},{"key":"4893_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1002\/JOR.24892","volume":"39","author":"F Amerstorfer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amerstorfer F, Schober M, Valentin T, Klim S, Leithner A, Fischerauer S et al (2021) Risk of reinfection after two- or multiple-stage knee revision surgery using superficial vancomycin coating and conventional spacers. J Orthop Res 39:1700\u20131709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JOR.24892","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"4893_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ARTH.2011.04.044","volume":"27","author":"K Anagnostakos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Anagnostakos K, Kelm J, Schmitt E, Jung J (2012) Fungal periprosthetic hip and knee joint infections clinical experience with a 2-stage treatment protocol. J Arthroplasty 27:293\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ARTH.2011.04.044","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"4893_CR26","first-page":"31","volume":"38","author":"V Antoci","year":"2009","unstructured":"Antoci V, Phillips MJ, Antoci V, Krackow KA (2009) Using an antibiotic-impregnated cement rod-spacer in the treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 38:31\u201333","journal-title":"Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ)"},{"key":"4893_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159.e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2008.02.003","volume":"24","author":"V Antoci","year":"2009","unstructured":"Antoci V, Phillips MJ, Antoci V, Krackow KA (2009) The treatment of recurrent chronic infected knee arthroplasty with a 2-stage procedure. J Arthroplasty 24:159.e13-159.e17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arth.2008.02.003","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"4893_CR28","first-page":"83","volume":"79","author":"J Brunnekreef","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brunnekreef J, Hannink G, de Waal MM (2013) Recovery of knee mobility after a static or mobile spacer in total knee infection. Acta Orthop Belg 79:83\u201389","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"key":"4893_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JINF.2011.04.014","volume":"63","author":"J Cabo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cabo J, Euba G, Saborido A, Gonz\u00e1lez-Panisello M, Dom\u00ednguez MA, Agull\u00f3 JL et al (2011) Clinical outcome and microbiological findings using antibiotic-loaded spacers in two-stage revision of prosthetic joint infections. J Infect 63:23\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JINF.2011.04.014","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"4893_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3109\/17453674.2011.581266","volume":"82","author":"ER Chiang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chiang ER, Su YP, Chen TH, Chiu FY, Chen WM (2011) Comparison of articulating and static spacers regarding infection with resistant organisms in total knee arthroplasty. Acta Orthop 82:460\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/17453674.2011.581266","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"4893_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2012.02.023","author":"HR Choi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Choi HR, Malchau H (2012) Are prosthetic spacers safe to use in 2-stage treatment for infected total knee arthroplasty? J Arthroplasty. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arth.2012.02.023","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"4893_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-2011-0619","volume":"19","author":"M Citak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Citak M, Gessmann J, Fehmer T, Russe O, Schildhauer TA, Seybold D (2011) Two-stage revision of infected total knee arthroplasty using a distraction spacer. Technol Health Care 19:167\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/THC-2011-0619","journal-title":"Technol Health Care"},{"key":"4893_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3096","DOI":"10.1007\/S00167-015-3646-0","volume":"24","author":"M Faschingbauer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Faschingbauer M, Bieger R, Reichel H, Weiner C, Kappe T (2016) Complications associated with 133 static, antibiotic-laden spacers after TKA. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 24:3096\u20133099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00167-015-3646-0","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"4893_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ARTH.2007.04.009","volume":"22","author":"MG Freeman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Freeman MG, Fehring TK, Odum SM, Fehring K, Griffin WL, Mason JB (2007) Functional advantage of articulating versus static spacers in 2-stage revision for total knee arthroplasty infection. J Arthroplasty 22:1116\u20131121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ARTH.2007.04.009","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"4893_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/BCO.0000000000000359","volume":"27","author":"H Gbejuade","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gbejuade H, Warner B, Murray J (2016) Daptomycin-loaded static cement spacer: Salvage for a failed first-stage revision of a total knee replacement with vancomycin resistance. Curr Orthop Pract 27:339\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BCO.0000000000000359","journal-title":"Curr Orthop Pract"},{"key":"4893_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3205\/IPRS000091","author":"M Ghanem","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghanem M, Zajonz D, Bollmann J, Geissler V, Prietzel T, Moche M et al (2016) Outcome of total knee replacement following explantation and cemented spacer therapy. GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr Surg DGPW. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3205\/IPRS000091","journal-title":"GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr Surg DGPW"},{"key":"4893_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/JCM10050971","volume":"10","author":"K Hammerich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hammerich K, Pollack J, Hasse AF, el Saman A, Huber R, Rupp M et al (2021) the inverse spacer-a novel, safe, and cost-effective approach in routine procedures for revision knee arthroplasty. J Clin Med 10:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/JCM10050971","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"4893_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ARTH.2019.03.053","volume":"34","author":"C Hipfl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hipfl C, Winkler T, Janz V, Perka C, M\u00fcller M (2019) Management of chronically infected total knee arthroplasty with severe bone loss using static spacers with intramedullary rods. J Arthroplasty 34:1462\u20131469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ARTH.2019.03.053","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"4893_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2007.04.028","volume":"22","author":"YC Hsu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hsu YC, Cheng HC, Ng TP, Chiu KY (2007) Antibiotic-loaded cement articulating spacer for 2-stage reimplantation in infected total knee arthroplasty. A simple and economic method. J Arthroplasty 22:1060\u20131066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arth.2007.04.028","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"4893_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ARTH.2021.01.026","volume":"36","author":"JA Ippolito","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ippolito JA, Thomson JE, Rivero SM, Beebe KS, Patterson FR, Benevenia J (2021) Management of large segmental bone defects at the knee with intramedullary stabilized antibiotic spacers during two-stage treatment of endoprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty 36:2165\u20132170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ARTH.2021.01.026","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"4893_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1007\/S11999-012-2332-5","volume":"470","author":"DJ Jaekel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jaekel DJ, Day JS, Klein GR, Levine H, Parvizi J, Kurtz SM (2012) Do dynamic cement-on-cement knee spacers provide better function and activity during two-stage exchange? Clin Orthop Relat Res 470:2599\u20132604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11999-012-2332-5","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"4893_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1308\/003588413X13629960048875F","volume":"95","author":"J Jeffery","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jeffery J, Mayahi R, Taylor A (2013) Use of plastic gallipot to protect soft tissues during insertion of static cement spacer in revision total knee arthroplasty. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 95:441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1308\/003588413X13629960048875F","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"4893_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/S11999-011-2095-4","volume":"470","author":"AJ Johnson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Johnson AJ, Sayeed SA, Naziri Q, Khanuja HS, Mont MA (2012) Minimizing dynamic knee spacer complications in infected revision arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 470:220\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11999-011-2095-4","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"4893_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/BTO.0000000000000384","volume":"36","author":"AS Kellish","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kellish AS, Luciani MA, Legato J, Gutowski CJ (2021) Treatment of endoprosthetic knee joint infection in the setting of massive bone loss with fusion of femoral and tibial antibiotic rods. Tech Orthop 36:92\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BTO.0000000000000384","journal-title":"Tech Orthop"},{"key":"4893_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ARTH.2022.03.082","author":"S Kirschbaum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kirschbaum S, Weynandt C, Fuchs M, Perka C, Gwinner C (2022) Major shortening of the patellar tendon during septic two-stage knee arthroplasty revision using static spacers. J Arthroplasty. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ARTH.2022.03.082","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"4893_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ARTH.2011.04.021","author":"SY Kotwal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kotwal SY, Farid YR, Patil SS, Alden KJ, Finn HA (2012) Intramedullary rod and cement static spacer construct in chronically infected total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ARTH.2011.04.021","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"4893_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e553","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20160324-05","volume":"39","author":"RJ Llado","year":"2016","unstructured":"Llado RJ, Banerjee S, Khanuja HS (2016) Smooth pins reinforcing static cement spacers for infected total knee arthroplasty are not safe. Orthopedics 39:e553\u2013e557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/01477447-20160324-05","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"4893_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1007\/S00264-019-04296-Z","volume":"43","author":"PM Preobrazhensky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Preobrazhensky PM, Bozhkova SA, Kazemirsky AV, Tikhilov RM, Kulaba TA, Kornilov NN (2019) Functional outcome of two-stage reimplantation in patients with periprosthetic joint infection after primary total knee arthroplasty. Int Orthop 43:2503\u20132509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00264-019-04296-Z","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"4893_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.22038\/ABJS.2020.43184.2178","volume":"8","author":"MN Tahmasebi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tahmasebi MN, Vaziri AS, Miresmaeili SH, Bozorgmanesh MR, Mirkarimi S, Zehtab MJ et al (2020) Two-stage total knee arthroplasty for treatment of surgical failure of septic arthritis in degenerative knee joints. Arch Bone Jt Surg 8:524\u2013530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22038\/ABJS.2020.43184.2178","journal-title":"Arch Bone Jt Surg"},{"key":"4893_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.19.00915","volume":"102","author":"CR Nahhas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nahhas CR, Chalmers PN, Parvizi J, Sporer SM, Berend KR, Moric M et al (2020) A randomized trial of static and articulating spacers for the treatment of infection following total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Jt Surg Am 102:778\u2013787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.19.00915","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg Am"},{"key":"4893_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/J.KNEE.2010.12.002","volume":"19","author":"RSJ Nickinson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nickinson RSJ, Board TN, Gambhir AK, Porter ML, Kay PR (2012) Two stage revision knee arthroplasty for infection with massive bone loss. A technique to achieve spacer stability. Knee 19:24\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.KNEE.2010.12.002","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"4893_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/S00264-009-0907-X","volume":"34","author":"SJ Park","year":"2010","unstructured":"Park SJ, Song EK, Seon JK, Yoon TR, Park GH (2010) Comparison of static and mobile antibiotic-impregnated cement spacers for the treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty. Int Orthop 34:1181\u20131186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00264-009-0907-X","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"4893_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1055\/S-0035-1545730","volume":"153","author":"T Pfitzner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pfitzner T, Preininger B, von Roth P, Perka C (2015) A novel technique for a stable intramedullary fixation of static spacers in two-stage septic revision TKA with severe bone defects. Z Orthop Unfall 153:203\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/S-0035-1545730","journal-title":"Z Orthop Unfall"},{"key":"4893_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3109\/17453674.2012.694778","volume":"83","author":"HM Schr\u00f8der","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schr\u00f8der HM, Petersen MM (2012) Intramedullary knee spacer in 2-stage revision knee surgery with segmental bone loss: a technical note involving 6 cases. Acta Orthop 83:311\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/17453674.2012.694778","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"4893_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-161152","volume":"24","author":"A Skwara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skwara A, Tibesku C, Paletta RJR, Sommer C, Kr\u00f6del A, Lahner M et al (2016) Articulating spacers compared to fixed spacers for the treatment of infected knee arthroplasty: a follow-up of 37 cases. Technol Health Care 24:571\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/THC-161152","journal-title":"Technol Health Care"},{"key":"4893_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S746","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCOT.2020.06.038","volume":"11","author":"S Supreeth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Supreeth S, Al Ghanami S, Shanmugasundaram S, Al Rawi RS, Abdawani AR, Abdelmasih SR (2020) Successful two-stage primary total knee arthroplasty for infective arthritis of the knee - our experience. J Clin Orthop Trauma 11:S746\u2013S751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JCOT.2020.06.038","journal-title":"J Clin Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"4893_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ARTD.2021.10.010","volume":"13","author":"E Vasarhelyi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vasarhelyi E, Sidhu SP, Somerville L, Lanting B, Naudie D, Howard J (2022) Static vs articulating spacers for two-stage revision total knee arthroplasty: minimum five-year review. Arthroplast Today 13:171\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ARTD.2021.10.010","journal-title":"Arthroplast Today"},{"key":"4893_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.7150\/IJMS.47655","volume":"18","author":"I Vielgut","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vielgut I, Schwantzer G, Leithner A, Sadoghi P, Berzins U, Glehr M (2021) Successful two-stage exchange arthroplasty for periprosthetic infection following total knee arthroplasty: the impact of timing on eradication of infection. Int J Med Sci 18:1000\u20131006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/IJMS.47655","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"4893_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/BCO.0000000000000839","volume":"31","author":"SS Virk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Virk SS, Drain JP, Melaku MS, Glassman AH, Granger JF (2020) Long-term results of antibiotic spacers for the infected total knee: a retrospective case-control study. Curr Orthop Pract 31:140\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BCO.0000000000000839","journal-title":"Curr Orthop Pract"},{"key":"4893_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2019.05.022","volume":"34","author":"MR Zielinski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zielinski MR, Ziemba-Davis M, Warth LC, Keyes BJ, Meneghini RM (2019) Do antibiotic intramedullary dowels assist in eradicating infection in two-stage resection for septic total knee arthroplasty? J Arthroplasty 34:2461\u20132465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arth.2019.05.022","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"4893_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ARTH.2013.07.041","author":"R Pivec","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pivec R, Naziri Q, Issa K, Banerjee S, Mont MA (2014) Systematic review comparing static and articulating spacers used for revision of infected total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ARTH.2013.07.041","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"4893_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S13018-017-0582-3\/FIGURES\/5","volume":"12","author":"Q Tang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tang Q, Shang P, Zheng G, Xu HZ, Liu HX (2017) Extramedullary versus intramedullary femoral alignment technique in total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Orthop Surg Res 12:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13018-017-0582-3\/FIGURES\/5","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"4893_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.89B11.19570","volume":"89","author":"HC Pape","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pape HC, Giannoudis P (2007) The biological and physiological effects of intramedullary reaming. J Bone Jt Surg Br 89:1421\u20131426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.89B11.19570","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg Br"},{"key":"4893_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/J.INJURY.2007.05.013","volume":"38","author":"S Shukla","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shukla S, Johnston P, Ahmad MA, Wynn-Jones H, Patel AD, Walton NP (2007) Outcome of traumatic subtrochanteric femoral fractures fixed using cephalo-medullary nails. Injury 38:1286\u20131293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.INJURY.2007.05.013","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"4893_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/J.OTSR.2019.01.015","volume":"105","author":"J Manon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manon J, Detrembleur C, van de Veyver S, Tribak K, Cornu O, Putineanu D (2019) Predictors of mechanical complications after intramedullary nailing of tibial fractures. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 105:523\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.OTSR.2019.01.015","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"4893_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/S00590-020-02759-3","volume":"31","author":"BP Cunningham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cunningham BP, Ali A, Parikh HR, Heare A, Blaschke B, Zaman S et al (2021) Immediate weight bearing as tolerated (WBAT) correlates with a decreased length of stay post intramedullary fixation for subtrochanteric fractures: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 31:235\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00590-020-02759-3","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"},{"key":"4893_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/S00590-019-02453-Z","volume":"29","author":"J Warren","year":"2019","unstructured":"Warren J, Sundaram K, Anis H, McLaughlin J, Patterson B, Higuera CA et al (2019) The association between weight-bearing status and early complications in hip fractures. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 29:1419\u20131427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00590-019-02453-Z","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"},{"key":"4893_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1007\/S00590-019-02486-4\/TABLES\/3","volume":"29","author":"P Consigliere","year":"2019","unstructured":"Consigliere P, Iliopoulos E, Ads T, Trompeter A (2019) Early versus delayed weight bearing after surgical fixation of distal femur fractures: a non-randomized comparative study. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 29:1789\u20131794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00590-019-02486-4\/TABLES\/3","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"}],"container-title":["Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00402-023-04893-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00402-023-04893-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00402-023-04893-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T03:31:07Z","timestamp":1692934267000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00402-023-04893-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["4893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00402-023-04893-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-3916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-3916","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}