{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T06:35:22Z","timestamp":1772692522644,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-023-05123-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T16:02:26Z","timestamp":1700496146000},"page":"815-822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Relationship between pain and intra-articular pathology in patients with chronic lateral ankle instability"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Nakasa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasunari","family":"Ikuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junichi","family":"Sumii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akinori","family":"Nekomoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shingo","family":"Kawabata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuo","family":"Adachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"5123_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657700500606","volume":"5","author":"JG Garrick","year":"1977","unstructured":"Garrick JG (1977) The frequency of injury, mechanism of injury, and epidemiology of ankle sprain. Am J Sports Med 5:241\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/036354657700500606","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"5123_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199316050-00006","volume":"16","author":"J Karlsson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Karlsson J, Lansinger O (1993) Chronic lateral instability of the ankle in athletes. Sports Med 16(5):355\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-199316050-00006","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"5123_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-344-18","volume":"54","author":"J Hertel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hertel J, Corbett RO (2019) An updated model of chronic ankle instability. J Athl Train 54(6):572\u2013588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-344-18","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"3","key":"5123_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2006.07.002","volume":"11","author":"NA Ferran","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ferran NA, Maffuli (2006) Epidemiology of sprains of the lateral ankle ligament complex. Foot Ankle Clin 11(3):659\u2013662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fcl.2006.07.002","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin"},{"issue":"10","key":"5123_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079801901002","volume":"19","author":"JP Gerber","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gerber JP, Williams GN, Coville CR, Arciero RA, Taylor DC (1998) Persistent disability associated with ankle sprains: a prospective examination of an athletic population. Foot Ankle Int 19(10):653\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107110079801901002","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"5123_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300031601","volume":"30","author":"B Hintermann","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hintermann B, Boss A, Sch\u00e4fer D (2002) Arthroscopic findings in patients with chronic ankle instability. Am J Sports Med 30(3):402\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03635465020300031601","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"5123_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1177\/1938640011416355","volume":"4","author":"J Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee J, Hamilton G, Ford L (2011) Associated intra-articular ankle pathologies in patients with chronic lateral ankle instability: Arthroscopic findings at the time of lateral ankle reconstruction. Foot Ankle Spec 4(5):284\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1938640011416355","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Spec"},{"issue":"4","key":"5123_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070402500603","volume":"25","author":"JL Tol","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tol JL, van Dijk CN (2004) Etiology of the anterior ankle impingement syndrome: a descriptive anatomical study. Foot Ankle Int 25(4):382\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107110070402500603","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"5123_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.01.023","volume":"95","author":"AI Cuesta-Vargas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cuesta-Vargas AI, Gonz\u00e1lez-S\u00e1nchez M (2014) Ability to discriminate between healthy and low back pain sufferers using ultrasound during maximum lumber extension. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 95(6):1093\u20131099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.01.023","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"5123_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2165-7025.1000e106","volume":"2","author":"RK Gracia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gracia RK (2012) Functional outcome measures in physiotherapy: bridging evidence-based practice, function, and our future. J Nov Physiother 2:e106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2165-7025.1000e106","journal-title":"J Nov Physiother"},{"issue":"4","key":"5123_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.11.014","volume":"92","author":"JA Bogner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bogner JA, Whiteneck GG, Corrigan JD, Lai JS, Dijkers MP, Heinemann AW (2011) Comparison of scoring methods for the participation assessment with recombined tools \u2013 objective. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 92(4):552\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.11.014","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"5123_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2016.44","volume":"22","author":"A Cuesta-Vargas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cuesta-Vargas A, Bennett P, Jimenez-Cebrian AM, Labajos-Manzanares MT (2013) The psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the foot health status questionnaire. Qual Life Res 22(7):1739\u20131743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/boneres.2016.44","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"5123_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-011-0130-7","volume":"16","author":"H Niki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Niki H, Tatsunami S, Haraguchi N et al (2011) Development of the patient-based outcome instrument for the foot and ankle. Part 1: project description and evaluation of the outcome instrument version 1. J Orthop Sci 16(5):536\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00776-011-0130-7","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"5123_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-011-0131-6","volume":"16","author":"H Niki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Niki H, Tatsunami S, Haraguchi N et al (2011) Development of the patient-based outcome instrument for the foot and ankle: part 2: results from the second field survey: validity of the outcome instrument for the foot and ankle version 2. J Orthop Sci 16(5):556\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00776-011-0131-6","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5123_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-012-0337-2","volume":"18","author":"H Niki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Niki H, Tatsunami S, Haraguchi N et al (2013) Validity and reliability of a self-administered foot evaluation questionnaire (SAFE-Q). J Orthop Sci 18(2):298\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00776-012-0337-2","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"5123_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.88B7.17325","volume":"88","author":"Y Tanaka","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tanaka Y, Takakura Y, Hayashi H et al (2006) Low tibial osteotomy for varus-type osteoarthritis of the ankle. J Bone Jt Surg Br 88(7):909\u2013913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.88B7.17325","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg Br"},{"issue":"11","key":"5123_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100720938049","volume":"41","author":"T Nakasa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nakasa T, Ikuta Y, Ota Y et al (2020) Bone mineralization changes in the subchondral bone of the medial gutter in chronic lateral ankle instability. Foot Ankle Int 41(11):1419\u20131426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1071100720938049","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"5123_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-017-1052-4","volume":"42","author":"D Bolus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bolus D, Morgan D, Berland L (2017) Effective use of the Hounsfield unit in the age of variable energy CT. Abdom Radiol 42:766\u2013771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-017-1052-4","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5123_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198010000-00017","volume":"4","author":"GN Hounsfield","year":"1980","unstructured":"Hounsfield GN (1980) Computed medical imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4(5):655\u2013674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004728-198010000-00017","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"issue":"7","key":"5123_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-021-04078-6","volume":"142","author":"T Nakasa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nakasa T, Ikuta Y, Sumii J, Nekomoto A, Adachi N (2022) High-stress distribution in the lateral region of the subtalar joint in the patient with chronic lateral ankle instability. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 142(7):1579\u20131587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00402-021-04078-6","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"5123_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R81","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2714","volume":"11","author":"E Af Klint","year":"2009","unstructured":"Af Klint E, Cartina AI, Matt P et al (2009) Evaluation of arthroscopy and macroscopic scoring. Arthritis Res Ther 11(3):R81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/ar2714","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"5123_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1177\/10711007231171080","volume":"44","author":"APWY Luthfi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luthfi APWY, Nakasa T, Ikuta Y et al (2023) Risk factors for the recurrence of instability after lateral ankle ligament repair. Foot Ankle Int 44(7):617\u2013628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10711007231171080","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"5123_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.19.00215","volume":"8","author":"DS Carreira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carreira DS, Ueland TE (2020) Ankle impingement: a critical analysis review. JBJS Rev 8(5):e0125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.19.00215","journal-title":"JBJS Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"5123_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-014-3454-y","volume":"24","author":"J Vega","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vega J, Pe\u00f1a F, Golan\u00f3 P (2016) Minor or occult ankle instability as a cause of anterolateral pain after ankle sprain. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 24(4):1116\u20131123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-014-3454-y","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"1070","key":"5123_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160735","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20160735","volume":"90","author":"Z Berman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Berman Z, Tafur M, Ahmed SS et al (2017) Ankle impingement syndromes: an imaging review. Br J Radiol 90(1070):20160735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr.20160735","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5123_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.169.3.9275907","volume":"169","author":"DA Rubin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rubin DA, Tishkoff NW, Brittin CA et al (1997) Anterolateral soft tissue impingement in the ankle: diagnosis using MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 169(3):829\u2013835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.169.3.9275907","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5123_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.4199","volume":"195","author":"A Donovan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Donovan A, Rosenberg ZS (2010) MRI of ankle and lateral hindfoot impingement syndromes. AJR Am J Roentgenol 195(3):595\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.09.4199","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5123_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.09.004","volume":"23","author":"MS Harkey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harkey MS, Luc BA, Golightly YM et al (2015) Osteoarthritis-related biomarkers following anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction: a systematic review. Osteoarthr Cartil 23(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2014.09.004","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"issue":"1","key":"5123_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.196","volume":"7","author":"M Kapoor","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kapoor M, Martel-Pelletier J, Lajeunesse D, Pelletier JP, Fahmi H (2011) Role of inflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 7(1):33\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.196","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"5123_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16044","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2016.44","volume":"5","author":"D Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen D, Shen J, Zhao W et al (2017) Osteoarthritis: toward a comprehensive understanding of pathological mechanism. Bone Res 5:16044","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"5123_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.148","volume":"12","author":"SR Goldring","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goldring SR, Goldring MB (2016) Changes in the osteochondral unit during osteoarthritis: structure, function and cartilage-bone crosstalk. Nat Rev Rheumatol 12(11):632\u2013644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.148","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5123_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-018-5183-0","volume":"27","author":"P D\u2019Hooghe","year":"2019","unstructured":"D\u2019Hooghe P, Alkhelaifi K, Almusa E, Tabben M, Wilson MG, Kaux JF (2019) Chronic lateral ankle instability increases the likelihood for surgery in athletes with os trigonum syndrome. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 27(9):2813\u20132817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-018-5183-0","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"11","key":"5123_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-4004-x","volume":"42","author":"Y Harada","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harada Y, Yokoya S, Akiyama Y, Mochizuki Y, Ochi M, Adachi N (2018) Bone mineralization changes of the glenoid in shoulders with symptomatic rotator cuff tear. Int Orthop 42(11):2639\u20132644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-018-4004-x","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"5123_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(90)90002-N","volume":"5","author":"M M\u00fcller-Gebl","year":"1990","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Gebl M, Putz R, Hodapp NH, Schulta E, Wimmer B (1990) Computed tomography-osteoabsorptiometry: a method of assessing the mechanical condition of the major joints in a living subject. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 5(4):193\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0268-0033(90)90002-N","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"issue":"6","key":"5123_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-014-0485-1","volume":"16","author":"SG Gr\u00e4ssel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gr\u00e4ssel SG (2014) The role of peripheral nerve fibers and their neurotransmitters in cartilage and bone physiology and pathophysiology. Arthritis Res Ther 16(6):485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-014-0485-1","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"5123_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-020-05845-5","volume":"28","author":"SW Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim SW, Jung HG, Lee JS (2020) Ligament stabilization improved clinical and radiographic outcomes for individuals with chronic ankle instability and medial ankle osteoarthritis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 28(10):3294\u20133300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-020-05845-5","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"5123_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198612000-00005","volume":"213","author":"EL Radin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Radin EL, Rose RM (1986) Role of subchondral bone in the initiation and progression of cartilage damage. Clin Orthop Relat Res 213:34\u201340","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"5123_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197961030-00006","volume":"61","author":"KD Harrington","year":"1979","unstructured":"Harrington KD (1979) Degenerative arthritis of the ankle secondary to long-standing lateral ligament instability. J Bone Jt Surg Am 61(3):354\u2013361","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"5123_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079401500401","volume":"15","author":"R Lofvenberg","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lofvenberg R, Karrholm J, Lund B (1994) The outcome of nonoperated patients with chronic lateral ankle instability of the ankle: a 20-year follow-up study. Foot Ankle Int 15(4):165\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107110079401500401","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"}],"container-title":["Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00402-023-05123-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00402-023-05123-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00402-023-05123-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]],"date-time":"2024-01-28T13:03:52Z","timestamp":1706447032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00402-023-05123-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["5123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00402-023-05123-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-3916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-3916","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the local ethics committee of our university. We obtained institutional review board approval for this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}