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The hypothesis posited that the mean pull-out force of the 3D-printed models would demonstrate non-inferior pull-out strength compared to standard composite bones within a clinically acceptable 15% margin. A standardized pull-out mechanism was developed to evaluate its biomechanical reliability and its potential as a customizable alternative.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study compared three groups: standard composite (Sawbones) blocks and two types of additively manufactured polylactic acid (PLA) blocks (grid and gyroid infill pattern), each measuring the same dimensions with 30% infill and mimicking a Sawbones block with 2\u00a0mm cortical thickness. A 6-hole LC-DCP titanium plate was fixed onto bone block models with dimensions of 29\u2009\u00d7\u2009170\u2009\u00d7\u200942\u00a0mm using four screws, each measuring 36\u00a0mm in length, which were inserted perpendicularly and tightened to the same torque levels. Steel cables placed under the plate were connected to a mechanical testing setup, and pull-out tests were conducted to evaluate fixation strength. Seven replicate specimens were fabricated to ensure repeatability and reliability of the results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean pull-out forces were 1784.4\u2009\u00b1\u200979.9\u00a0N for Sawbones, 1698.5\u2009\u00b1\u2009134.3\u00a0N for Grid PLA (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097), and 1908.7\u2009\u00b1\u2009335.2\u00a0N for Gyroid PLA (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097). Statistical analysis using a one-sample t-test showed that both 3D-printed models were non-inferior to the standard Sawbones model within a clinical acceptance margin of 15% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Additively manufactured models exhibit mechanical pull-out performance that is statistically non-inferior to traditional composite bone block models. These findings confirm that 3D-printed PLA-based grid and gyroid structures serve as reliable, cost-effective alternatives for orthopaedic mechanical research without compromising mechanical integrity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-026-06278-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T15:41:46Z","timestamp":1774712506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative evaluation of additively manufactured PLA models as cost-effective, non-inferior alternatives to composite bones for pull-out testing"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Utku","family":"Demirta\u015f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman","family":"\u0130yibilgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Levent","family":"Bayam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erdin\u00e7","family":"Gen\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"6278_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2023.104017","volume":"118","author":"R Zdero","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zdero R, Brzozowski P, Schemitsch EH (2023) Biomechanical properties of artificial bones made by Sawbones: a review. 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