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DePuy Spine Products\/Medical Device Business Services, Clariance, Inc.; private investments for Vestia Ventures MiRUS Investment, LLC, ISPH II, LLC, ISPH 3, LLC, and Centinel Spine (Vbros Venture Partners V); consulting fees from DePuy Spine Products\/Medical Device Business Services, Clariance, Inc., Kuros Biosciences AG; speaking and\/or teaching arrangements for DePuy Spine Products\/Medical Device Business Services; membership of scientific advisory board of DePuy Spine Products\/Medical Device Business Services, Kuros Biosciences AG, Clariance, Inc., and research support from Spinal Kinetics, Inc.\/Orthofix, Inc., outside the submitted work. FC: FC reports royalties from Accelus; ownership interest for 4WEB Medical\/4WEB, Inc.; Healthpoint Capital Partners, LP; ISPH II, LLC; ISPH 3 Holdings, LLC; Ivy Healthcare Capital Partners, LLC; Medical Device Partners II, LLC; Medical Device Partners III, LLC; Orthobond Corporation; Spine Biopharma, LLC; Tissue Differentiation Intelligence, LLC; Tissue Connect Systems, Inc.; VBVP VI, LLC; VBVP X, LLC; Woven Orthopedics Technologies; consulting fees from Spine Biopharma, LLC, and Accelus; membership of scientific advisory board\/other office of Healthpoint Capital Partners, Medical Device Partners II, LLC, Orthobond Corporation, Spine Biopharma, LLC, and Woven Orthopedic Technologies; and research support from 4WEB Medical\/4WEB, Inc., Camber Spine, Choice Spine, DePuy Synthes, Centinel Spine, and Royal Biologics outside the submitted work. AH: AH reports research support from Kuros Biosciences AG and Expanding Innovations, Inc.; private investments in Tissue Connect Systems, Inc.; and fellowship support from NuVasive, Inc., Globus Medical North America, Inc., and Alphatec Spine, Inc. outside the submitted work.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study adhered to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Hospital for Special Surgery (IRB# 2019-2137).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Due to the retrospective nature of this study, the requirement for individual written informed consent was waived by the institutional review board. 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