{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:53:36Z","timestamp":1791827616300,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-026-06505-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:01:50Z","timestamp":1791824510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The boundary between microbial detection and implant-related infection: a structured narrative review of analytical credibility, biological persistence, host response, and clinical causality"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4805-8905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liao","family":"Chang-sheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"feng-jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"huan-sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huang","family":"qiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"zong-ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"6505_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.4.180092","volume":"4","author":"P Izakovicova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Izakovicova P et al (2019) Periprosthetic joint infection: current concepts and outlook. EFORT Open Rev 4(7):482\u2013494","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev"},{"issue":"10016","key":"6505_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61798-0","volume":"387","author":"BH Kapadia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kapadia BH et al (2016) Periprosthetic joint infection. Lancet 387(10016):386\u2013394","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"6505_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa061588","volume":"357","author":"A Trampuz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Trampuz A et al (2007) Sonication of removed hip and knee prostheses for diagnosis of infection. N Engl J Med 357(7):654\u2013665","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"6505_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-1955-9","volume":"37","author":"PL Bereza","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bereza PL et al (2013) Identification of silent prosthetic joint infection: preliminary report of a prospective controlled study. Int Orthop 37(10):2035\u20132039","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"6505_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R70","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2201","volume":"9","author":"KE Dempsey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dempsey KE et al (2007) Identification of bacteria on the surface of clinically infected and non-infected prosthetic hip joints removed during revision arthroplasties by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Arthritis Res Ther 9(3):R70","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"6505_CR6","first-page":"855","volume":"126","author":"T Jakobsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jakobsen T et al (2018) Implants induce a new niche for microbiomes. APMIS 126(11):855\u2013862","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"issue":"10","key":"6505_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0258208","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258208","volume":"16","author":"C Carr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carr C et al (2021) Deciphering the low abundance microbiota of presumed aseptic hip and knee implants. PLoS ONE 16(10):e0258208","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2S","key":"6505_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2018.09.045","volume":"34","author":"N Shohat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shohat N, Bauer T, Buttaro M et al (2019) Hip and Knee Section, What is the Definition of a Periprosthetic Joint Infection (PJI) of the Knee and the Hip? Can the Same Criteria Be Used for Both Joints? Proceedings of International Consensus on Orthopedic Infections. J Arthroplasty 34(2S):S325\u2013S327","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"1","key":"6505_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.103B1.BJJ-2020-1381.R1","volume":"103\u2013B","author":"M McNally","year":"2021","unstructured":"McNally M et al (2021) The EBJIS definition of periprosthetic joint infection. Bone Joint J 103\u2013B(1):18\u201325","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"issue":"3","key":"6505_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2017.08.040","volume":"49","author":"WJ Metsemakers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Metsemakers WJ et al (2018) Fracture-related infection: a consensus on definition from an international expert group. Injury 49(3):505\u2013510","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"6","key":"6505_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3109\/17453674.2010.525201","volume":"81","author":"DJF Moojen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moojen DJF et al (2010) Incidence of low-grade infection in aseptic loosening of total hip arthroplasty. Acta Orthop 81(6):667\u2013673","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"6505_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08390-x","volume":"23","author":"H Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li H et al (2023) Characterization of periprosthetic environment microbiome in patients after total joint arthroplasty and its potential correlation with inflammation. BMC Infect Dis 23(1):83","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"6505_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-014-0087-z","volume":"12","author":"SJ Salter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salter SJ et al (2014) Reagent and laboratory contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses. BMC Biol 12:87","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"6505_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00335-13","volume":"51","author":"C Cazanave","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cazanave C et al (2013) Rapid molecular microbiologic diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection. J Clin Microbiol 51(7):2280\u20132287","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"6505_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13091655","volume":"13","author":"J Schwarze","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schwarze J et al (2023) The role of single positive cultures in presumed aseptic total hip and knee revision surgery: a systematic review. Diagnostics 13(9):1655","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"22","key":"6505_CR16","first-page":"2073","volume":"103","author":"ME Neufeld","year":"2021","unstructured":"Neufeld ME et al (2021) Prevalence and outcomes of unexpected positive intraoperative cultures in presumed aseptic revision hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 103(22):2073\u20132082","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"7","key":"6505_CR17","first-page":"1637","volume":"477","author":"N Milandt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Milandt N et al (2019) A single positive tissue culture increases the risk of rerevision of clinically aseptic THA: a national register study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 477(7):1637\u20131645","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"6505_CR18","first-page":"e2300115","volume":"12","author":"P Mirghaderi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mirghaderi P et al (2024) Unexpected positive cultures in presumed aseptic revision total hip arthroplasty. JBJS Rev 12(1):e2300115","journal-title":"JBJS Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"6505_CR19","first-page":"1086","volume":"103\u2013B","author":"C Hipfl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hipfl C et al (2021) Unexpected low-grade infections in revision hip arthroplasty for aseptic loosening. Bone Joint J 103\u2013B(6):1086\u20131094","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"issue":"6","key":"6505_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1080\/17453674.2020.1811552","volume":"91","author":"T Justesen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Justesen T et al (2020) Does intraoperative contamination during primary knee arthroplasty affect patient-reported outcomes? Acta Orthop 91(6):702\u2013707","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"issue":"10","key":"6505_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-021-06856-6","volume":"30","author":"J Kloos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kloos J et al (2022) Prevalence, interpretation, and management of unexpected positive cultures in revision TKA: a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 30(10):3323\u20133334","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"6505_CR22","first-page":"30","volume":"86","author":"W Boot","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boot W et al (2015) Missed low-grade infection in suspected aseptic loosening has no consequences for the survival of total hip arthroplasty. Acta Orthop 86(1):30\u201335","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"6505_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.5194\/jbji-10-51-2025","volume":"10","author":"S Simon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Simon S et al (2025) Postoperative antibiotic treatment does not lower re-revision rate in presumed aseptic hip and knee revision arthroplasties with unexpected positive intraoperative cultures. J Bone Joint Infect 10:51\u201359","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"6505_CR24","first-page":"e00617","volume":"7","author":"L Knabl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Knabl L et al (2018) High percentage of microbial colonization of osteosynthesis material in clinically unremarkable patients. MicrobiologyOpen 7(5):e00617","journal-title":"MicrobiologyOpen"},{"issue":"8","key":"6505_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2019.03.058","volume":"34","author":"M Fuchs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fuchs M et al (2019) Clinically asymptomatic patients show a high bacterial colonization rate of osteosynthetic implants around the knee but not the hip. J Arthroplasty 34(8):1805\u20131810","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"3","key":"6505_CR26","first-page":"e56847","volume":"16","author":"L Previ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Previ L et al (2024) Worrying presence of asymptomatic bacterial colonisation on implanted orthopedic devices. Cureus 16(3):e56847","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"23","key":"6505_CR27","first-page":"1635","volume":"44","author":"ME Steinhaus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Steinhaus ME et al (2019) Risk factors for positive cultures in presumed aseptic revision spine surgery. Spine 44(23):1635\u20131641","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"6","key":"6505_CR28","first-page":"556","volume":"4","author":"A Agarwal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agarwal A et al (2020) High prevalence of biofilms on retrieved implants from aseptic pseudarthrosis cases. Spine Surg Relat Res 4(6):556\u2013561","journal-title":"Spine Surg Relat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"6505_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2021.0268","volume":"26","author":"DA Dupr\u00e9","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dupr\u00e9 DA et al (2022) The presence of biofilms in instrumented spinal fusions. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 26(4):191\u2013199","journal-title":"Genet Test Mol Biomarkers"},{"key":"6505_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.21037\/aoj-20-85","volume":"6","author":"A Staats","year":"2021","unstructured":"Staats A et al (2021) Biofilm formation in periprosthetic joint infections. Ann Joint 6:38","journal-title":"Ann Joint"},{"key":"6505_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01602","volume":"10","author":"J Josse","year":"2019","unstructured":"Josse J et al (2019) Interaction between staphylococcal biofilm and bone: how does the presence of biofilm promote prosthesis loosening? Front Microbiol 10:1602","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"6505_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120982","volume":"275","author":"NA Hodges","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hodges NA et al (2021) Aseptic and septic prosthetic joint loosening: impact of biomaterial wear on immune cell function, inflammation, and infection. Biomaterials 275:120982","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"9","key":"6505_CR33","first-page":"2082","volume":"38","author":"T Tomizawa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tomizawa T et al (2020) Biofilm producing Staphylococcus epidermidis inhibits osseous integration without osteolysis in a murine septic implant model. J Orthop Res 38(9):2082\u20132092","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"6505_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-024-00991-9","volume":"23","author":"Y Cao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cao Y et al (2024) The effect of prebiotic fibre on the gut microbiome and surgical outcomes in patients with prosthetic joint infection (PENGUIN): protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Nutr J 23(1):103","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"issue":"4","key":"6505_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14040372","volume":"14","author":"M Ludwig","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ludwig M et al (2025) Unexpected positive cultures during aseptic hip and knee revision arthroplasty: substantial discrepancies in laboratory analyses. Antibiotics 14(4):372","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"6505_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis803","volume":"56","author":"DR Osmon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Osmon DR et al (2013) Diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 56(1):e1\u2013e25","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"16","key":"6505_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra040181","volume":"351","author":"W Zimmerli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zimmerli W et al (2004) Prosthetic-joint infections. N Engl J Med 351(16):1645\u20131654","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6505_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01914-16","volume":"55","author":"TN Peel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peel TN et al (2017) Optimal periprosthetic tissue specimen number for diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection. J Clin Microbiol 55(1):234\u2013243","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6505_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.10.024","volume":"21","author":"N H\u00f8iby","year":"2015","unstructured":"H\u00f8iby N et al (2015) ESCMID guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of biofilm infections 2014. Clin Microbiol Infect 21(Suppl 1):S1\u2013S25","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"9","key":"6505_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2013.06.002","volume":"21","author":"T Bjarnsholt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bjarnsholt T et al (2013) The in vivo biofilm. Trends Microbiol 21(9):466\u2013474","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6505_CR41","first-page":"204","volume":"105","author":"K Goswami","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goswami K et al (2023) The microbiome of osteoarthritic hip and knee joints. J Bone Joint Surg Am 105(3):204\u2013212","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"6505_CR42","first-page":"47","volume":"71","author":"OF Cetiner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cetiner OF et al (2024) 16S rRNA sequencing reveals microbiota differences in orthopedic implants between aseptic loosening and prosthetic joint infection cases. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 71(1):47\u201356","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung"},{"issue":"1","key":"6505_CR43","first-page":"73","volume":"83","author":"J Esteban","year":"2012","unstructured":"Esteban J et al (2012) PCR-hybridization after sonication improves diagnosis of implant-related infection. Acta Orthop 83(1):73\u201377","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"issue":"6 Suppl 2","key":"6505_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2007.03.029","volume":"22","author":"RL Barrack","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barrack RL et al (2007) The fate of the unexpected positive intraoperative cultures after revision total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 22(6 Suppl 2):94\u201399","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"6505_CR45","first-page":"283","volume":"22","author":"PP Purudappa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Purudappa PP et al (2020) Unexpected positive intraoperative cultures in revision hip and knee arthroplasty: a review of the literature. J Orthop 22:283\u2013289","journal-title":"J Orthop"},{"issue":"8","key":"6505_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000002292","volume":"480","author":"C Vargas-Rever\u00f3n","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vargas-Rever\u00f3n C et al (2022) Do cultures obtained during primary THA predict the likelihood of revision? Clin Orthop Relat Res 480(8):1455\u20131463","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"6505_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1302\/2633-1462.510.BJO-2024-0032.R1","volume":"5","author":"B Kayani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kayani B et al (2024) Unexpected positive cultures in aseptic revision hip and knee arthroplasty. Bone Jt Open 5(10):832\u2013836","journal-title":"Bone Jt Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"6505_CR48","first-page":"112","volume":"40","author":"CJ Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu CJ et al (2025) Unsuspected positive intraoperative cultures in aseptic revision knee arthroplasty: prevalence, management, and infection-free survivorship. J Arthroplasty 40(1):112\u2013120","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"2","key":"6505_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12020356","volume":"12","author":"F Caternicchia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Caternicchia F et al (2024) Undiagnosed periprosthetic infections in first-time aseptic revision hip arthroplasties. Biomedicines 12(2):356","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"6505_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000175715.68624.3d","volume":"437","author":"CL Nelson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nelson CL et al (2005) Is aseptic loosening truly aseptic? Clin Orthop Relat Res 437:25\u201330","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"6505_CR51","first-page":"579","volume":"69","author":"A Ribera","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ribera A et al (2014) Clinical and microbiological findings in prosthetic joint replacement due to aseptic loosening. J Infect 69(6):579\u2013588","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"6505_CR52","first-page":"300060521102163","volume":"49","author":"Y Palmowski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palmowski Y et al (2021) Is implant sonication useful when screening for infection in conversion of prior hip fracture fixation to total hip arthroplasty? J Int Med Res 49(6):3000605211021637","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"6505_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00682-4","volume":"20","author":"O Ciofu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ciofu O et al (2022) Tolerance and resistance of microbial biofilms. Nat Rev Microbiol 20(10):621\u2013635","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"6505_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-024-08229-2","volume":"33","author":"P Mirghaderi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mirghaderi P et al (2024) Unexpected positive culture in adult revision spine surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, risk factors, and management. Eur Spine J 33(8):3129\u20133147","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"7","key":"6505_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.02.022","volume":"31","author":"F Olearo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Olearo F et al (2025) Diagnostic accuracy of 16S rDNA PCR, multiplex PCR and metagenomic next-generation sequencing in periprosthetic joint infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 31(7):1115\u20131125","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"6505_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199604000-00005","volume":"78","author":"DT Tsukayama","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tsukayama DT, Estrada R, Gustilo RB (1996) Infection after total hip arthroplasty: a study of the treatment of one hundred and six infections. J Bone Joint Surg Am 78(4):512\u2013523","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"6505_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2005.027458","volume":"59","author":"L Morawietz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morawietz L et al (2006) Proposal for a histopathological consensus classification of the periprosthetic interface membrane. J Clin Pathol 59(6):591\u2013597","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"6505_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2014.09.017","volume":"210","author":"V Krenn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krenn V et al (2014) Revised histopathological consensus classification of joint implant related pathology. Pathol Res Pract 210(12):779\u2013786","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"6505_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2018.02.078","volume":"33","author":"J Parvizi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parvizi J et al (2018) The 2018 definition of periprosthetic hip and knee infection: an evidence-based and validated criteria. J Arthroplasty 33(5):1309\u20131314","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"10","key":"6505_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2932","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.10.2932-2939.1998","volume":"36","author":"BL Atkins","year":"1998","unstructured":"Atkins BL, Athanasou N, Deeks JJ et al (1998) Prospective evaluation of criteria for microbiological diagnosis of prosthetic-joint infection at revision arthroplasty. J Clin Microbiol 36(10):2932\u20132939","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"6505_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","volume":"4","author":"C Baethge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baethge C, Goldbeck-Wood S, Mertens S (2019) SANRA-a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles. Res Integr Peer Rev 4:5","journal-title":"Res Integr Peer Rev"}],"container-title":["Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00402-026-06505-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00402-026-06505-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00402-026-06505-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:41:59Z","timestamp":1791826919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00402-026-06505-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00402-026-06505-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-3916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-3916","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This structured narrative review is based exclusively on previously published studies and did not require ethics committee approval or informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This article is a review and does not report a prospective interventional clinical trial.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial registration","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"366"}}