{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:29:11Z","timestamp":1788236951802,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Dermatol Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rosacea is a common inflammatory skin condition displaying symptoms like flushing, erythema, papules, and pustules. Oral antibiotics, despite long-term adverse effects, are often used due to topical treatment limitations, underscoring the need for cost-effective choices like dietary modifications. Our review investigates the role of vitamins and minerals in rosacea, and provides evidence-based recommendations for supplementation and topical treatment of these nutrients for rosacea. An online search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov from 1998 to 2023. Included studies were summarized and assessed for quality and relevance in rosacea management. Varied outcomes emerged concerning the impact of essential vitamins and minerals on rosacea treatment. Vitamin A derivatives, specifically oral isotretinoin, demonstrated significant efficacy, with a 90% reduction in lesions, complete remission in 24% of patients, and marked improvement in 57% of patients. Vitamin B3 derivatives, such as topical 1-methylnicotinamide 0.25% and NADH 1%, improved symptoms in 76.4% (26\/34) and 80% of patients, respectively. Outcomes for vitamin D, vitamin C, and zinc supplementation varied across studies. However, zinc sulfate solution 5% significantly reduced acne rosacea severity for patients with 40% and 60% exhibiting a moderate or good response, respectively. Omega-3 fatty acids showed significant improvement in alleviating xerophthalmia in 64% of patients with ocular rosacea. Vitamins and minerals hold potential in managing rosacea symptoms, offering a safe and cost-effective alternative or adjunctive treatment option. Currently, there are no established recommendations regarding their supplementation for rosacea. Studies assessing serum levels of vitamins and minerals in relation to rosacea are warranted, as this avenue holds potential for future advancements in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-02895-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T05:02:06Z","timestamp":1714626126000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The role of vitamins and nutrients in rosacea"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"316","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7987-7635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanci A.","family":"Algarin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anika","family":"Pulumati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Jaalouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiali","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keyvan","family":"Nouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2895_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.07.009","volume":"73","author":"BM Rainer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rainer BM, Fischer AH, da Luz Felipe Silva D, Kang S, Chien AL (2015) Rosacea is associated with chronic systemic diseases in a skin severity-dependent manner: results of a case-control study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 73(4):604\u20138","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2895_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13556","volume":"30","author":"J Tan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tan J, Sch\u00f6fer H, Araviiskaia E, Audibert F, Kerrouche N, Berg M et al (2016) Prevalence of rosacea in the general population of Germany and Russia\u2014The RISE study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV 30(3):428\u2013434","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV"},{"issue":"4","key":"2895_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-021-00595-7","volume":"22","author":"EJ van Zuuren","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Zuuren EJ, Arents BWM, van der Linden MMD, Vermeulen S, Fedorowicz Z, Tan J (2021) Rosacea: new concepts in classification and treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol 22(4):457\u2013465","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2895_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19381980.2017.1361574","volume":"9","author":"BM Rainer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rainer BM, Kang S, Chien AL (2017) Rosacea: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. Dermatoendocrinol 9(1):e1361574","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2895_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.08.028","volume":"72","author":"AM Two","year":"2015","unstructured":"Two AM, Wu W, Gallo RL, Hata TR (2015) Rosacea: part I. Introduction, categorization, histology, pathogenesis, and risk factors. J Am Acad Dermatol. 72(5):749\u201358 (Quiz 759\u201360)","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol."},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"2895_CR6","first-page":"17","volume":"14","author":"M Schaller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schaller M, Sch\u00f6fer H, Homey B, Hofmann M, Gieler U, Lehmann P et al (2016) Rosacea management: update on general measures and topical treatment options. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges J Ger Soc Dermatol JDDG 14(Suppl 6):17\u201327","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges J Ger Soc Dermatol JDDG"},{"issue":"3","key":"2895_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0339-0","volume":"19","author":"U Mrowietz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mrowietz U, Kedem TH, Keynan R, Eini M, Tamarkin D, Rom D et al (2018) A phase ii, randomized, double-blind clinical study evaluating the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of a topical minocycline foam, FMX103, for the treatment of facial papulopustular Rosacea. Am J Clin Dermatol 19(3):427\u2013436","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2895_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.01.043","volume":"82","author":"LS Gold","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gold LS, Del Rosso JQ, Kircik L, Bhatia ND, Hooper D, Nahm WK et al (2020) Minocycline 1.5% foam for the topical treatment of moderate to severe papulopustular rosacea: results of 2 phase 3, randomized, clinical trials. J Am Acad Dermatol. 82(5):1166\u201373","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2895_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276211026592","volume":"17","author":"M Jamgochian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jamgochian M, Alamgir M, Rao B (2023) Diet in dermatology: review of diet\u2019s influence on the conditions of rosacea, hidradenitis suppurativa, herpes labialis, and vitiligo. Am J Lifestyle Med 17(1):152\u2013160","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2895_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.0704a08","volume":"7","author":"E Weiss","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weiss E, Katta R (2017) Diet and rosacea: the role of dietary change in the management of rosacea. Dermatol Pract Concept 7(4):31\u201337","journal-title":"Dermatol Pract Concept"},{"issue":"2","key":"2895_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2021.10.004","volume":"40","author":"E Alia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alia E, Feng H (2022) Rosacea pathogenesis, common triggers, and dietary role: the cause, the trigger, and the positive effects of different foods. Clin Dermatol 40(2):122\u2013127","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"2895_CR12","unstructured":"Saragossi J. Research & Subject Guides: Evidence-Based Medicine: Levels of Evidence [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 16]. Available from: https:\/\/guides.library.stonybrook.edu\/evidence-based-medicine\/levels_of_evidence"},{"issue":"14","key":"2895_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142952","volume":"14","author":"CA VanBuren","year":"2022","unstructured":"VanBuren CA, Everts HB (2022) Vitamin A in skin and hair: an update. Nutrients 14(14):2952","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"2895_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.033","volume":"51","author":"MT Pelle","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pelle MT, Crawford GH, James WD (2004) Rosacea: II therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 51(4):499\u2013512 (Quiz 513\u20134)","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2895_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14349","volume":"31","author":"F Anzengruber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anzengruber F, Czernielewski J, Conrad C, Feldmeyer L, Yawalkar N, H\u00e4usermann P et al (2017) Swiss S1 guideline for the treatment of rosacea. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV 31(11):1775\u20131791","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV"},{"issue":"1","key":"2895_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555641521","volume":"64","author":"JB Schmidt","year":"1984","unstructured":"Schmidt JB, Gebhart W, Raff M, Spona J (1984) 13-cis-Retinoic acid in rosacea. Clinical and laboratory findings. Acta Derm Venereol. 64(1):15\u201321","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol."},{"issue":"4 Pt 2 Suppl","key":"2895_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(82)70067-2","volume":"6","author":"G Plewig","year":"1982","unstructured":"Plewig G, Nikolowski J, Wolff HH (1982) Action of isotretinoin in acne rosacea and gram-negative folliculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 6(4 Pt 2 Suppl):766\u201385","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2895_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1986.tb04533.x","volume":"25","author":"E Hoting","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hoting E, Paul E, Plewig G (1986) Treatment of rosacea with isotretinoin. Int J Dermatol 25(10):660\u2013663","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2895_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1984.tb00842.x","volume":"9","author":"JR Marsden","year":"1984","unstructured":"Marsden JR, Shuster S, Neugebauer M (1984) Response of rosacea to isotretinoin. Clin Exp Dermatol 9(5):484\u2013488","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2895_CR20","first-page":"333","volume":"11","author":"ALS Chang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chang ALS, Alora-Palli M, Lima XT, Chang TC, Cheng C, Chung CM et al (2012) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of clindamycin 1.2% and tretinoin 0.025% combination gel for the treatment of acne rosacea over 12 weeks. J Drugs Dermatol JDD. 11(3):333\u20139","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol JDD."},{"issue":"3","key":"2895_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02130.x","volume":"44","author":"HC Altinyazar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Altinyazar HC, Koca R, Tekin NS, E\u015ft\u00fcrk E (2005) Adapalene vs. metronidazole gel for the treatment of rosacea. Int J Dermatol. 44(3):252\u20135","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2895_CR22","first-page":"54","volume":"4","author":"H Park","year":"2011","unstructured":"Park H, Del Rosso JQ (2011) Use of oral isotretinoin in the management of rosacea. J Clin Aesthetic Dermatol 4(9):54\u201361","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthetic Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2895_CR23","first-page":"505","volume":"8","author":"H Gollnick","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gollnick H, Blume-Peytavi U, Szab\u00f3 EL, Meyer KG, Hauptmann P, Popp G et al (2010) Systemic isotretinoin in the treatment of rosacea - doxycycline- and placebo-controlled, randomized clinical study. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges J Ger Soc Dermatol JDDG 8(7):505\u2013515","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges J Ger Soc Dermatol JDDG"},{"issue":"2","key":"2895_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2004.01472.x","volume":"29","author":"T Hofer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hofer T (2004) Continuous, \u201cmicrodose\u201d isotretinoin in adult recalcitrant rosacea. Clin Exp Dermatol 29(2):204\u2013205","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2895_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2020.08.001","volume":"95","author":"CMM de Oliveira","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Oliveira CMM, Almeida LMC, Bonamigo RR, de Lima CWG, Bagatin E (2020) Consensus on the therapeutic management of rosacea\u2014Brazilian Society of Dermatology. An Bras Dermatol. 95(Suppl 1):53\u201369","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2895_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1947.01520110035005","volume":"56","author":"L Tulipan","year":"1947","unstructured":"Tulipan L (1947) Acne rosacea; a vitamin B complex deficiency. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 56(5):589\u2013591","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Syphilol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2895_CR27","first-page":"42","volume":"15","author":"YW Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang YW, Huang HP, Hsu CK, Lee JYY (2022) Hydroxocobalamin: an effective treatment for flushing and persistent erythema in rosacea. J Clin Aesthetic Dermatol 15(6):42\u201345","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthetic Dermatol"},{"key":"2895_CR28","first-page":"5479626","volume":"2022","author":"BY Chung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chung BY, Kim HO, Park CW, Yang NG, Kim JY, Eun YS et al (2022) Relationships of serum homocysteine, vitamin B12, and folic acid levels with papulopustular rosacea severity: a case-control study. BioMed Res Int 2022:5479626","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"2895_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/60.10.995","volume":"60","author":"J McKenney","year":"2003","unstructured":"McKenney J (2003) Niacin for dyslipidemia: considerations in product selection. Am J Health-Syst Pharm AJHP Off J Am Soc Health-Syst Pharm 60(10):995\u20131005","journal-title":"Am J Health-Syst Pharm AJHP Off J Am Soc Health-Syst Pharm"},{"issue":"12","key":"2895_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3634","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23626","volume":"115","author":"Z Beny\u00f3","year":"2005","unstructured":"Beny\u00f3 Z, Gille A, Kero J, Csiky M, Such\u00e1nkov\u00e1 MC, N\u00fcsing RM et al (2005) GPR109A (PUMA-G\/HM74A) mediates nicotinic acid-induced flushing. J Clin Invest 115(12):3634\u20133640","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"2895_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02375.x","volume":"44","author":"Y Soma","year":"2005","unstructured":"Soma Y, Kashima M, Imaizumi A, Takahama H, Kawakami T, Mizoguchi M (2005) Moisturizing effects of topical nicotinamide on atopic dry skin. Int J Dermatol 44(3):197\u2013202","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2895_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12119","volume":"13","author":"HM Rolfe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rolfe HM (2014) A review of nicotinamide: treatment of skin diseases and potential side effects. J Cosmet Dermatol 13(4):324\u2013328","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2895_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2005.01908.x","volume":"30","author":"A Wozniacka","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wozniacka A, Wieczorkowska M, Gebicki J, Sysa-Jedrzejowska A (2005) Topical application of 1-methylnicotinamide in the treatment of rosacea: a pilot study. Clin Exp Dermatol 30(6):632\u2013635","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2895_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2003.01118.x","volume":"28","author":"A Wo\u017aniacka","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wo\u017aniacka A, Sysa-Jedrzejowska A, Adamus J, Gebicki J (2003) Topical application of NADH for the treatment of rosacea and contact dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 28(1):61\u201363","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2895_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2001.00308.x","volume":"15","author":"T Jansen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jansen T, Romiti R, Kreuter A, Altmeyer P (2001) Rosacea fulminans triggered by high-dose vitamins B6 and B12. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV 15(5):484\u2013485","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV"},{"issue":"45","key":"2895_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5674","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.5674","volume":"15","author":"SS Zhou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhou SS, Li D, Sun WP, Guo M, Lun YZ, Zhou YM et al (2009) Nicotinamide overload may play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes. World J Gastroenterol 15(45):5674\u20135684","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2895_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1586\/edm.09.68","volume":"5","author":"NH Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim NH, Kirsner RS (2010) Nicotinamide in dermatology. Expert Rev Dermatol 5(1):23\u201329","journal-title":"Expert Rev Dermatol"},{"key":"2895_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.afnr.2017.11.005","volume":"83","author":"AD Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith AD, Warren MJ, Refsum H (2018) Vitamin B12. Adv Food Nutr Res 83:215\u2013279","journal-title":"Adv Food Nutr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2895_CR39","first-page":"42","volume":"16","author":"C Paul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paul C, Brady DM (2017) Comparative bioavailability and utilization of particular forms of B12 supplements with potential to mitigate B12-related genetic polymorphisms. Integr Med Encinitas Calif 16(1):42\u201349","journal-title":"Integr Med Encinitas Calif"},{"issue":"2","key":"2895_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.33.82","volume":"33","author":"J Kira","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kira J, Tobimatsu S, Goto I (1994) Vitamin B12 metabolism and massive-dose methyl vitamin B12 therapy in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis. Intern Med Tokyo Jpn 33(2):82\u201386","journal-title":"Intern Med Tokyo Jpn"},{"issue":"202","key":"2895_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.38.202.606","volume":"38","author":"M Bodian","year":"1963","unstructured":"Bodian M (1963) Neuroblastoma: an evaluation of its natural history and the effects of therapy, with particular reference to treatment by massive doses of vitamin B12. Arch Dis Child 38(202):606\u2013619","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"8","key":"2895_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2008.00768.x","volume":"17","author":"J Schauber","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schauber J, Gallo RL (2008) The vitamin D pathway: a new target for control of the skin\u2019s immune response? Exp Dermatol 17(8):633\u2013639","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2895_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2018.30.2.136","volume":"30","author":"BW Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park BW, Ha JM, Cho EB, Jin JK, Park EJ, Park HR et al (2018) A study on vitamin d and cathelicidin status in patients with rosacea: serum level and tissue expression. Ann Dermatol 30(2):136\u2013142","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2895_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.3.4.15027","volume":"3","author":"DA Youssef","year":"2011","unstructured":"Youssef DA, Miller CW, El-Abbassi AM, Cutchins DC, Cutchins C, Grant WB et al (2011) Antimicrobial implications of vitamin D. Dermatoendocrinol 3(4):220\u2013229","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2895_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.13769","volume":"44","author":"N Akdogan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akdogan N, Alli N, Incel Uysal P, Candar T (2019) Role of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in patients with rosacea: a case-control study. Clin Exp Dermatol 44(4):397\u2013403","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2895_CR46","first-page":"269","volume":"2","author":"G G\u00fcrel","year":"2018","unstructured":"G\u00fcrel G, Karad\u00f6l M, \u00c7\u00f6lge\u00e7en E (2018) A case-control study on rosacea and vitamin D levels. J Surg Med 2(3):269\u2013272","journal-title":"J Surg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2895_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.21608\/ejhm.2021.184656","volume":"84","author":"MM Hagag","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hagag MM, Bayomy NR, El-Horish DBM (2021) Study of vitamin D and calcium levels in patient with rosacea. Egypt J Hosp Med 84(1):2405\u20132410","journal-title":"Egypt J Hosp Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"2895_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3803","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173803","volume":"15","author":"R Mao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mao R, Zhou G, Jing D, Liu H, Shen M, Li J (2023) Vitamin D status, vitamin D receptor polymorphisms, and the risk of incident rosacea: insights from mendelian randomization and cohort study in the UK biobank. Nutrients 15(17):3803","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"2895_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10040566","volume":"10","author":"DS Popa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Popa DS, Bigman G, Rusu ME (2021) The role of vitamin k in humans: implication in aging and age-associated diseases. Antioxid Basel Switz 10(4):566","journal-title":"Antioxid Basel Switz"},{"issue":"2","key":"2895_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.IJP_183_18","volume":"51","author":"N Pazyar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pazyar N, Houshmand G, Yaghoobi R, Hemmati AA, Zeineli Z, Ghorbanzadeh B (2019) Wound healing effects of topical vitamin K: a randomized controlled trial. Indian J Pharmacol 51(2):88\u201392","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"27","key":"2895_CR51","first-page":"127","volume":"12","author":"ML Elson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Elson ML, Nacht S (1999) Treatment of periorbital hyperpigmentation with topical vitamin K\/vitamin A. Cosmet Dermatol 12(27):127","journal-title":"Cosmet Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2895_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-360X.2020.00687.3","volume":"13","author":"GA Abdullah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdullah GA (2020) The effectiveness of topical vitamin K cream 1% in the treatment of steroid-induced rosacea. Res J Pharm Technol 13(8):3883\u20133886","journal-title":"Res J Pharm Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2895_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e3283312956","volume":"12","author":"AS Prasad","year":"2009","unstructured":"Prasad AS (2009) Zinc: role in immunity, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 12(6):646\u2013652","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"2895_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.02944.x","volume":"45","author":"KE Sharquie","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sharquie KE, Najim RA, Al-Salman HN (2006) Oral zinc sulfate in the treatment of rosacea: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Dermatol 45(7):857\u2013861","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2895_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.05353.x","volume":"51","author":"JTM Bamford","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bamford JTM, Gessert CE, Haller IV, Kruger K, Johnson BP (2012) Randomized, double-blind trial of 220 mg zinc sulfate twice daily in the treatment of rosacea. Int J Dermatol 51(4):459\u2013462","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"01","key":"2895_CR56","first-page":"60","volume":"04","author":"KE Sharquie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sharquie KE, Noaimi AA, Al-Hashimy SA, Al-Salih MM (2014) Therapeutic evaluation of 2% tea lotion in comparison with 5% zinc sulfate solution in the treatment of acne rosacea. J Cosmet Dermatol Sci Appl 04(01):60\u201365","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol Sci Appl"},{"issue":"6","key":"2895_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.galenos.2021.05031","volume":"51","author":"FL Sa\u00e1","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sa\u00e1 FL, Cremona F, Chiaradia P (2021) association between skin findings and ocular signs in rosacea. Turk J Ophthalmol 51(6):338\u2013343","journal-title":"Turk J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2895_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.23736\/S2784-8671.23.07484-4","volume":"158","author":"M Andreas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andreas M, Fabczak-Kubicka A, Schwartz RA (2023) Ocular rosacea: an under-recognized entity. Ital J Dermatol Venereol 158(2):110\u2013116","journal-title":"Ital J Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2895_CR59","first-page":"811","volume":"6","author":"R Bhargava","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bhargava R, Kumar P, Kumar M, Mehra N, Mishra A (2013) A randomized controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids in dry eye syndrome. Int J Ophthalmol 6(6):811\u2013816","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2895_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2015.1122810","volume":"41","author":"R Bhargava","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhargava R, Chandra M, Bansal U, Singh D, Ranjan S, Sharma S (2016) A randomized controlled trial of omega 3 fatty acids in rosacea patients with dry eye symptoms. Curr Eye Res 41(10):1274\u20131280","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"2895_CR61","volume":"157","author":"S Shen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shen S, Yan G, Cao Y, Zeng Q, Zhao J, Wang X et al (2023) Dietary supplementation of n-3 PUFAs ameliorates LL37-induced rosacea-like skin inflammation via inhibition of TLR2\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB pathway. Biomed Pharmacother Biomedecine Pharmacother 157:114091","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother Biomedecine Pharmacother"}],"container-title":["Archives of Dermatological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00403-024-02895-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00403-024-02895-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00403-024-02895-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T05:48:05Z","timestamp":1717480085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00403-024-02895-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["2895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00403-024-02895-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-069X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-069X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors Y.A.A., D.J., and A.P. declare that they have NO affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. K.N. has the following disclosures: iVeena Delivery Eye Drug Delivery systems (Bought with my own funds, Stock Shareholder (Individual stocks; diversified mutual funds do not need to be disclosed)), Pfizer (Bought with my own funds, Stock Shareholder (Individual stocks; diversified mutual funds do not need to be disclosed)).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"142"}}