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The gold standard for Demodex identification is microscopic examination on a standardized skin surface biopsy. However, this method of sampling can be distressing and painful, especially when performed on hairy sites. In this case-control study, we compared the sensitivity of PCR and microscopic examination in diagnosing a Demodex infestation. Moreover, we investigated the possible correlations between the presence of Demodex mites and clinical characteristics. In total, 20 patients affected by papulopustular rosacea and 10 controls were included. At both microscopic examination and PCR, patients with rosacea presented a greater prevalence of positive samples than controls at the scalp and at the face. Microscopy had sensitivity of 50% at the face and of 46.7% at the scalp. PCR had sensitivity of 93.75% at the face and of 86.7% at the scalp. The positivity of PCR was associated to a higher frequency of facial papules and pustules. Patients with positivity at the face had a more frequent positivity at the scalp. The scalp could represent a reservoir for the Demodex mites, and should be investigated by sensitive and painless methods. PCR performed on painlessly collected samples should be further investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-03228-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T10:09:51Z","timestamp":1721729391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Detection of demodex mites in papulopustular rosacea using microscopic examination and polymerase chain reaction: a comparative case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"316","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5469-4517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Trave","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0151-3126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Salvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7294-6618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Canepa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6622-2226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurora","family":"Parodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3108-4123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Cozzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"3228_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13093","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13093","volume":"32","author":"I Trave","year":"2019","unstructured":"Trave I, Merlo G, Cozzani E, Parodi A (2019) Real-life experience on effectiveness and tolerability of topical ivermectin in papulopustular rosacea and antiparasitic effect on Demodex mites. 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