{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:21:45Z","timestamp":1786980105317,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,19]],"date-time":"2005-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1116460800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Gynecol Obstet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-005-0732-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,18]],"date-time":"2005-05-18T09:46:12Z","timestamp":1116409572000},"page":"167-172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Vulvar susceptibility to contact irritants and allergens: a review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"272","author":[{"given":"Miranda A.","family":"Farage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"732_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(91)70084-F","volume":"24","author":"T Agner","year":"1991","unstructured":"Agner T, Damm P, Skouby SO (1991) Menstrual cycle and skin reactivity. J Am Acad Dermatol 24:566\u2013570","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"732_CR2","first-page":"18","volume":"99","author":"JT Allen-Davis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Allen-Davis JT, Beck A, Parker R, Ellis JL, Polley D (2002) Assessment of vulvovaginal complaints: Accuracy of telephone triage and in-office diagnosis. Obstet Gynecol 99:18\u201322","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"732_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(18)30647-8","volume":"6","author":"E Berardesca","year":"1988","unstructured":"Berardesca E, Maibach HI (1988) Contact dermatitis in blacks. Dermatol Clin 6:363\u2013368","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"732_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(96)80070-3","volume":"34","author":"E Berardesca","year":"1996","unstructured":"Berardesca E, Maibach H (1996) Racial differences in skin pathophysiology. J Am Acad Dermatol 34:667\u2013672","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"732_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1978.03290120033014","volume":"240","author":"L Borgatta","year":"1978","unstructured":"Borgatta L (1978) Sensitivity to deodorant sanitary pads. JAMA 240:1239\u20131240","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"732_CR6","unstructured":"Britz M, Maibach HI (1985) Normal vulvar skin: a model for specialized skin. In: Maibach H, Lowe N (eds), Models in dermatology, vol 1. Basel Karger, Basel, pp 83\u201388"},{"key":"732_CR7","first-page":"23","volume":"59","author":"MB Britz","year":"1979","unstructured":"Britz MB, Maibach HI (1979a) Human labia majora skin: Transepidermal water loss in vivo. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 59:23\u201325","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh)"},{"key":"732_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1979.tb04908.x","volume":"5","author":"MB Britz","year":"1979","unstructured":"Britz MB, Maibach HI (1979b) Human cutaneous vulvar reactivity to irritants. Contact Dermatitis 5:375\u2013377","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"732_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00403852","volume":"267","author":"MB Britz","year":"1980","unstructured":"Britz MB, Maibach HI, Anjo DM (1980) Human percutaneous penetration of hydrocortisone: The vulva. Arch Dermatol Res 267:313\u2013316","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"732_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2000.00080.x","volume":"14","author":"AM Crone","year":"2000","unstructured":"Crone AM, Stewart EJ, Wojnarowska F, Powell SM (2000) Aetiological factors in vulvar dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 14:181\u2013186","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"732_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2000.290205.x","volume":"29","author":"X Du","year":"2000","unstructured":"Du X, Squier CA, Kremer MJ, Wertz PW (2000) Penetration of n-nitrosonornicotine (nnn) across oral mucosa in the presence of ethanol and nicotine. J Oral Pathol Med 29:80\u201385","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"732_CR12","first-page":"1173","volume":"154","author":"EL Eason","year":"1996","unstructured":"Eason EL, Feldman P (1996) Contact dermatitis associated with the use of always sanitary napkins. CMAJ 154:1173\u20131176","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"732_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1985.tb03080.x","volume":"92","author":"JN Edwards","year":"1985","unstructured":"Edwards JN, Morris HB (1985) Langerhans\u2019 cells and lymphocyte subsets in the female genital tract. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 92:974\u2013982","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"732_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555570105109","volume":"70","author":"P Elsner","year":"1990","unstructured":"Elsner P, Maibach HI (1990) The effect of prolonged drying on transepidermal water loss, capacitance and ph of human vulvar and forearm skin. Acta Derm Venereol 70:105\u2013109","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"732_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(90)70268-M","volume":"23","author":"P Elsner","year":"1990","unstructured":"Elsner P, Wilhelm D, Maibach HI (1990a) Sodium lauryl sulfate-induced irritant contact dermatitis in vulvar and forearm skin of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Am Acad Dermatol 23:648\u201352","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"732_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1990.tb00078.x","volume":"23","author":"P Elsner","year":"1990","unstructured":"Elsner P, Wilhelm D, Maibach HI (1990b) Multiple parameter assessment of vulvar irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 23:20\u201326","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"732_CR17","first-page":"1035","volume":"35","author":"P Elsner","year":"1990","unstructured":"Elsner P, Wilhelm D, Maibach HI (1990c) Irritant effect of a model surfactant on the human vulva and forearm. Age-related differences. J Reprod Med 35:1035\u20131039","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"732_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1159\/000247892","volume":"181","author":"P Elsner","year":"1990","unstructured":"Elsner P, Wilhelm D, Maibach HI (1990d) Frictional properties of human forearm and vulvar skin: Influence of age and correlation with transepidermal water loss and capacitance. Dermatologica 181:88\u201391","journal-title":"Dermatologica"},{"key":"732_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555570141144","volume":"70","author":"P Elsner","year":"1990","unstructured":"Elsner P, Wilhelm D, Maibach HI (1990e) Physiological skin surface water loss dynamics of human vulvar and forearm skin. Acta Derm Venereol 70:141\u2013144","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"732_CR20","first-page":"77","volume":"36","author":"P Elsner","year":"1991","unstructured":"Elsner P, Wilhelm D, Maibach HI (1991) Effect of low-concentration sodium lauryl sulfate on human vulvar and forearm skin. Age-related differences. J Reprod Med 36:77\u201381","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"732_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1967.29","volume":"48","author":"RJ Feldmann","year":"1967","unstructured":"Feldmann RJ, Maibach HI (1967) Regional variation in percutaneous absorption of [14c] cortisol in man. J Invest Dermatol 48:181\u2013183","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"732_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.1996.tb00988.x","volume":"37","author":"GO Fischer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fischer GO (1996) The commonest causes of symptomatic vulvar disease: A dermatologist\u2019s perspective. Australas J Dermatol 37:12\u201318","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"732_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1973.01620270027006","volume":"108","author":"AA Fisher","year":"1973","unstructured":"Fisher AA (1973) Allergic reaction to feminine hygiene sprays. Arch Dermatol 108:801\u2013802","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"732_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600810629","volume":"81","author":"RH Guy","year":"1992","unstructured":"Guy RH, Potts RO (1992) Structure-permeability relationships in percutaneous penetration. J Pharm Sci 81:603\u2013604","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"732_CR25","first-page":"115","volume":"4","author":"RH Guy","year":"1992","unstructured":"Guy RH, Potts RO, Francoeur ML (1992) Skin barrier function and the mechanism(s) of percutaneous penetration. Acta Pharm Nord 4:115","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Nord"},{"key":"732_CR26","first-page":"854","volume":"47","author":"A Hansen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hansen A, Carr K, Jensen JT (2002) Characteristics and initial diagnoses in women presenting to a referral center for vulvovaginal disorders in 1996\u20132000. J Reprod Med 47:854\u2013860","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"732_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1977.tb06133.x","volume":"96","author":"WF Harper","year":"1977","unstructured":"Harper WF, McNicol EM (1977) A histological study of normal vulval skin from infancy to old age. Br J Dermatol 96:249\u2013253","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"732_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600810102","volume":"81","author":"D Harris","year":"1992","unstructured":"Harris D, Robinson JR (1992) Drug delivery via the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. J Pharm Sci 81:1\u201310","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"732_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1992.tb03283.x","volume":"27","author":"J Harvell","year":"1992","unstructured":"Harvell J, Hussona-Saeed I, Maibach HI (1992) Changes in transepidermal water loss and cutaneous blood flow during the menstrual cycle. Contact Dermatitis 27:294\u2013301","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"732_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1983.tb01818.x","volume":"8","author":"IS Jones","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jones IS (1983) A histological assessment of normal vulval skin. Clin Exp Dermatol 8:513\u2013521","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"732_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(95)00091-7","volume":"40","author":"S Law","year":"1995","unstructured":"Law S, Wertz PW, Swartzendruber DC, Squier CA (1995) Regional variation in content, composition and organization of porcine epithelial barrier lipids revealed by thin-layer chromatography and transmission electron microscopy. Arch Oral Biol 40:1085\u20131091","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"732_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345890680091101","volume":"68","author":"CA Lesch","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lesch CA, Squier CA, Cruchley A, Williams DM, Speight P (1989) The permeability of human oral mucosa and skin to water. J Dent Res 68:1345\u20139","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"732_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1396-0296.2004.04003.x","volume":"17","author":"LJ Margesson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Margesson LJ (2004) Contact dermatitis of the vulva. Dermatol Ther 17:20\u201327","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"732_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1992.tb08403.x","volume":"126","author":"P Marren","year":"1992","unstructured":"Marren P, Wojnarowska F, Powell S (1992) Allergic contact dermatitis and vulvar dermatoses. Br J Dermatol 126:52\u201356","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"732_CR35","first-page":"628","volume":"67","author":"CJ Miller","year":"1992","unstructured":"Miller CJ, McChesney M, Moore PF (1992) Langerhans cells, macrophages and lymphocyte subsets in the cervix and vagina of rhesus macaques. Lab Invest 67:628\u201334","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"732_CR36","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Vulvovaginitis.","author":"H Nauth","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nauth H (1993) Anatomy and physiology of the vulva. In: Elsner P, Marius J (eds), Vulvovaginitis. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 1\u201318"},{"key":"732_CR37","first-page":"667","volume":"30","author":"HF Nauth","year":"1985","unstructured":"Nauth HF, Haas M (1985) Cytologic and histologic observations on the sex hormone dependence of the vulva. J Reprod Med 30:667\u2013674","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"732_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1089\/15246090050073657","volume":"9","author":"PM O\u2019Hare","year":"2000","unstructured":"O\u2019Hare PM, Sherertz EF (2000) Vulvodynia: A dermatologist\u2019s perspective with emphasis on an irritant contact dermatitis component. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 9:565\u2013569","journal-title":"J Womens Health Gend Based Med"},{"key":"732_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1996.tb07606.x","volume":"134","author":"HA Oriba","year":"1996","unstructured":"Oriba HA, Bucks DA, Maibach HI (1996) Percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone and testosterone on the vulva and forearm: Effect of the menopause and site. Br J Dermatol 134:229\u2013233","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"732_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108857","volume":"183","author":"DL Patton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Patton DL, Thwin SS, Meier A, Hooton TM, Stapleton AE, Eschenbach DA (2000) Epithelial cell layer thickness and immune cell populations in the normal human vagina at different stages of the menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183:967\u2013973","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"732_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015810312465","volume":"9","author":"RO Potts","year":"1992","unstructured":"Potts RO, Guy RH (1992) Predicting skin permeability. Pharm Res 9:663\u2013669","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"732_CR42","first-page":"161","volume":"28","author":"P Sargeant","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sargeant P, Moate R, Harris JE, Morrison GD (1996) Ultrastructural study of the epithelium of the normal human vulva. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 28:161\u2013170","journal-title":"J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol"},{"key":"732_CR43","first-page":"85","volume":"13","author":"AP Sayani","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sayani AP, Chien YW (1996) Systemic delivery of peptides and proteins across absorptive mucosae. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 13:85\u2013184","journal-title":"Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst"},{"key":"732_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/17.2.145","volume":"17","author":"S Sihvo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sihvo S, Ahonen R, Mikander H, Hemminki E (2000) Self-medication with vaginal antifungal drugs: physicians\u2019 experiences and women\u2019s utilization patterns. Fam Pract 17:145\u2013149","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"key":"732_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12264711","volume":"84","author":"CA Squier","year":"1985","unstructured":"Squier CA, Hall BK (1985) The permeability of skin and oral mucosa to water and horseradish peroxidase as related to the thickness of the permeability barrier. J Invest Dermatol 84:176\u2013179","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"732_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550060211","volume":"6","author":"CA Squier","year":"1986","unstructured":"Squier CA (1986) Penetration of nicotine and nitrosonornicotine across porcine oral mucosa. J Appl Toxicol 6:123\u2013128","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"732_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12515931","volume":"96","author":"CA Squier","year":"1991","unstructured":"Squier CA, Cox P, Wertz PW (1991) Lipid content and water permeability of skin and oral mucosa. J Invest Dermatol 96:123\u2013126","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"732_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(01)00082-6","volume":"46","author":"IO Thompson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Thompson IO, van der Bijl P, van Wyk CW, van Eyk AD (2001) A comparative light-microscopic, electron-microscopic and chemical study of human vaginal and buccal epithelium. Arch Oral Biol 46:1091\u20131098","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"732_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1997.tb00219.x","volume":"105","author":"P Bijl van der","year":"1997","unstructured":"van der Bijl P, Thompson IO, Squier CA (1997) Comparative permeability of human vaginal and buccal mucosa to water. Eur J Oral Sci 105:571\u2013575","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"732_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(98)90036-1","volume":"85","author":"P Bijl van der","year":"1998","unstructured":"van der Bijl P, van Eyk AD, Thompson IO (1998a) Penetration of human vaginal and buccal mucosa by 4.4-kd and 12-kd fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labeled dextrans. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 85:686\u2013691","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"732_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(98)90063-4","volume":"85","author":"P Bijl van der","year":"1998","unstructured":"van der Bijl P, van Eyk AD, Thompson IO (1998b) Permeation of 17beta-estradiol through human vaginal and buccal mucosa. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 85:393\u2013398","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"732_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0909-8836.1998.eos106509.x","volume":"106","author":"P Bijl van der","year":"1998","unstructured":"van der Bijl P, van Eyk AD, Thompson IO, Stander IA (1998c) Diffusion rates of vasopressin through human vaginal and buccal mucosa. Eur J Oral Sci 106:958\u2013962","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"}],"container-title":["Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00404-005-0732-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00404-005-0732-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00404-005-0732-4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T20:02:33Z","timestamp":1706212953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00404-005-0732-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,19]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]}},"alternative-id":["732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00404-005-0732-4","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1108630.564713","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0932-0067","1432-0711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0067","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,19]]}}}