{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T03:53:20Z","timestamp":1788753200076,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["836011020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["836011020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Gynecol Obstet"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Elevated levels of maternal cortisol have been hypothesized as the intermediate process between symptoms of depression and psychosocial stress during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes. Therefore, we examined associations between cortisol levels in the second trimester of pregnancy and risks of three common birth outcomes in a nested case\u2013control study.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study was embedded in the PRIDE Study (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093,019), from which we selected all cases with preterm birth (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200964), low birth weight (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200949), and small-for-gestational age (SGA; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200965), and 260 randomly selected controls, among the participants who provided a single awakening saliva sample in approximately gestational week 19 in 2012\u20132016. Multivariable linear and logistic regression was performed to assess the associations between continuous and categorized cortisol levels and the selected outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We did not observe any associations between maternal cortisol levels and preterm birth and low birth weight. However, high cortisol levels (\u2265\u200990th percentile) seemed to be associated with SGA (adjusted odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 0.9\u20134.8), in particular among girls (adjusted odds ratio 3.7, 95% confidence interval 1.1\u201311.9, based on eight exposed cases) in an exploratory analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results of this study showed no suggestions of associations between maternal awakening cortisol levels in mid-pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes, except for an increased risk of SGA.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-022-06513-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T06:02:47Z","timestamp":1648015367000},"page":"1989-1999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Associations between maternal awakening salivary cortisol levels in mid-pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"306","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0677-5160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richelle","family":"Vlenterie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5720-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith B.","family":"Prins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3390-4466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nel","family":"Roeleveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4853-4434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marleen M. H. J.","family":"van Gelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"6513_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.2.372","volume":"114","author":"ML Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang ML, Dorer DJ, Fleming MP, Catlin EA (2004) Clinical outcomes of near-term infants. Pediatrics 114:372\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.114.2.372","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"6513_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(08)60074-4","volume":"371","author":"RL Goldenberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, Romero R (2008) Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet 371:75\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(08)60074-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6513_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(08)60136-1","volume":"371","author":"S Saigal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Saigal S, Doyle LW (2008) An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood. Lancet 371:261\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(08)60136-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6513_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw236","volume":"45","author":"AW Van Deutekom","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van Deutekom AW, Chinapaw MJM, Gademan MGJ, Twisk JWR, Gemke RJBJ, Vrijkotte TGM (2016) The association of birth weight and infant growth with childhood autonomic nervous system activity and its mediating effects on energy-balance-related behaviours: the ABCD Study. Int J Epidemiol 45:1079\u20131090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyw236","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"6513_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e321","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.12r07968","volume":"74","author":"S Grigoriadis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grigoriadis S, VonderPorten EH, Mamisashvili L, Tomlinson G, Dennis C-L, Koren G, Steiner M, Mousmanis P, Cheung A, Radford K, Martinovic J, Ross LE (2013) The impact of maternal depression during pregnancy on perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 74:e321\u2013e341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/jcp.12r07968","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"6513_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.002","volume":"85","author":"MA Diego","year":"2009","unstructured":"Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Schanberg S, Kuhn C, Gonzalez-Quintero VH (2009) Prenatal depression restricts fetal growth. Early Hum Dev 85:65\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.002","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"6513_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.10.003","volume":"35","author":"G Goedhart","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goedhart G, Vrijkotte TGM, Roseboom TJ, van der Wal MF, Cuijpers P, Bonsel GJ (2010) Maternal cortisol and offspring birthweight: results from a large prospective cohort study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35:644\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.10.003","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"6513_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104591","volume":"114","author":"G Valsamakis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Valsamakis G, Papatheodorou D, Chalarakis N, Manolikaki M, Margeli A, Papassotiriou I, Barber TM, Kumar S, Kalantaridou S, Mastorakos G (2020) Maternal chronic stress correlates with serum levels of cortisol, glucose and C-peptide in the fetus, and maternal non chronic stress with fetal growth. Psychoneuroendocrinology 114:104591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104591","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"6513_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.105254","volume":"572","author":"A Kapoor","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kapoor A, Dunn E, Kostaki A, Andrews MH, Matthews SG (2006) Fetal programming of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function: prenatal stress and glucocorticoids. J Physiol 572:31\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.105254","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"6513_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(05)60824-0","volume":"352","author":"R Gitau","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gitau R, Cameron A, Fisk NM, Glover V (1998) Fetal exposure to maternal cortisol. Lancet 352:707\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(05)60824-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6513_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/107155760100800204","volume":"8","author":"F Petraglia","year":"2001","unstructured":"Petraglia F, Hatch MC, Lapinski R, Stomati M, Reis FM, Cobellis L, Berkowitz GS (2001) Lack of effect of psychosocial stress on maternal corticotropin-releasing factor and catecholamine levels at 28 weeks\u2019 gestation. J Soc Gynecol Investig 8:83\u201388","journal-title":"J Soc Gynecol Investig"},{"key":"6513_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2008.1102","volume":"18","author":"EW Harville","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harville EW, Savitz DA, Dole N, Herring AH, Thorp JM (2009) Stress questionnaires and stress biomarkers during pregnancy. J Womens Health 18:1425\u20131433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jwh.2008.1102","journal-title":"J Womens Health"},{"key":"6513_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250459","volume":"16","author":"R Vlenterie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vlenterie R, Geuijen PM, van Gelder MMHJ, Roeleveld N (2021) Questionnaires and salivary cortisol to measure stress and depression in mid-pregnancy. PLoS ONE 16:e0250459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0250459","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6513_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.10.007","volume":"39","author":"S Feller","year":"2014","unstructured":"Feller S, Vigl M, Bergmann MM, Boeing H, Kirschbaum C, Stalder T (2014) Predictors of hair cortisol concentrations in older adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 39:132\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.10.007","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"6513_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6823-14-75","volume":"14","author":"EO Melin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Melin EO, Thunander M, Landin-Olsson M, Hillman M, Thulesius HO (2014) Depression, smoking, physical inactivity and season independently associated with midnight salivary cortisol in type 1 diabetes. BMC Endocr Disord 14:75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6823-14-75","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"6513_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.014","volume":"62","author":"AC Incollingo Rodriguez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Incollingo Rodriguez AC, Epel ES, White ML, Standen EC, Seckl JR, Tomiyama AJ (2015) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation and cortisol activity in obesity: a systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 62:301\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"6513_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450701820944","volume":"18","author":"T Field","year":"2008","unstructured":"Field T, Diego M (2008) Cortisol: the culprit prenatal stress variable. Int J Neurosci 18:1181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207450701820944","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"6513_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2005.10.002","volume":"27","author":"CA Sandman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sandman CA, Glynn L, Dunkel Schetter C, Wadhwa P, Garite T, Chicz-DeMet A, Hobel C (2006) Elevated maternal cortisol early in pregnancy predicts third trimester levels of placental corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH): priming the placental clock. Peptides 27:1457\u20131463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2005.10.002","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"6513_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-018-0128-5","volume":"38","author":"G Bandoli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bandoli G, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL, Feuer SK, Liang L, Oltman SP, Paynter R, Ross KM, Dunkel Schetter C, Ryckman KK, Chambers CD (2018) Second trimester serum cortisol and preterm birth: an analysis by timing and subtype. J Perinatol 38:973\u2013981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41372-018-0128-5","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"6513_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0793-8","volume":"15","author":"CP Stewart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stewart CP, Oaks BM, Laugero KD, Ashorn U, Harjunmaa U, Kumwenda C, Chaima D, Maleta K, Ashorn P, Dewey KG (2015) Maternal cortisol and stress are associated with birth outcomes, but are not affected by lipid-based nutrient supplements during pregnancy: an analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial in rural Malawi. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 15:346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-015-0793-8","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"6513_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.04.023","volume":"94","author":"SJ Cherak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cherak SJ, Giesbrecht GF, Metcalfe A, Ronksley PE, Malebranche ME (2018) The effect of gestational period on the association between maternal prenatal salivary cortisol and birth weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 94:49\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.04.023","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"6513_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.04.022","volume":"94","author":"M Gilles","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gilles M, Otto H, Wolf IAC, Scharnholz B, Peus V, Schredl M, S\u00fctterlin MW, Witt SH, Rietschel M, Laucht M, Deuschle M (2018) Maternal hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system activity and stress during pregnancy: effects on gestational age and infant\u2019s anthropometric measures at birth. Psychoneuroendocrinology 94:152\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.04.022","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"6513_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14246","volume":"107","author":"AI Smew","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smew AI, Hedman AM, Chiesa F, Ullemar V, Andolf E, Pershagen G, Almqvist C (2018) Limited association between markers of stress during pregnancy and fetal growth in \u2018Born into Life\u2019, a new prospective birth cohort. Acta Paediatr 107:1003\u20131010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apa.14246","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"6513_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.epi-07-0457","volume":"16","author":"P Vineis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vineis P, Perera F (2007) Molecular epidemiology and biomarkers in etiologic cancer research: the new in light of the old. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 16:1954\u20131965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.epi-07-0457","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"key":"6513_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12406","volume":"45","author":"CA Demetriou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Demetriou CA, van Veldhoven K, Relton C, Stringhini S, Kyriacou K, Vineis P (2015) Biological embedding of early-life exposures and disease risk in humans: a role for DNA methylation. Eur J Clin Invest 45:303\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eci.12406","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"6513_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.09.005","volume":"36","author":"JA DiPietro","year":"2011","unstructured":"DiPietro JA, Costigan KA, Kivlighan KT, Chen P, Laudenslager ML (2011) Maternal salivary cortisol differs by fetal sex during the second half of pregnancy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36:588\u2013591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.09.005","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"6513_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074691","volume":"8","author":"AA Appleton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Appleton AA, Armstrong DA, Lesseur C, Lee J, Padbury JF, Lester BM, Marsit CJ (2013) Patterning in placental 11-B hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase methylation according to prenatal socioeconomic adversity. PLoS ONE 8:e74691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0074691","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6513_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.03.013","volume":"56","author":"GF Giesbrecht","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giesbrecht GF, Campbell T, Letourneau N, APrON Study Team (2015) Sexually dimorphic adaptations in basal maternal stress physiology during pregnancy and implications for fetal development. Psychoneuroendocrinology 56:168\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.03.013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"6513_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1017\/s2040174418000181","volume":"9","author":"EC Braithwaite","year":"2018","unstructured":"Braithwaite EC, Hill J, Pickles A, Glover V, O\u2019Donnell K, Sharp H (2018) Associations between maternal prenatal cortisol and fetal growth are specific to infant sex: findings from the wirral child health and development study. J Dev Orig Health Dis 9:425\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s2040174418000181","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis"},{"key":"6513_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1017\/s204017441600074x","volume":"8","author":"T Carpenter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carpenter T, Grecian SM, Reynolds RM (2017) Sex differences in early-life programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans suggest increased vulnerability in females: a systematic review. J Dev Orig Health Dis 8:244\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s204017441600074x","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis"},{"key":"6513_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12023","volume":"27","author":"MMHJ Van Gelder","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van Gelder MMHJ, Bretveld RW, Roukema J, Steenhoek M, van Drongelen J, Spaanderman MEA, van Rumpt D, Zielhuis GA, Verhaak CM, Roeleveld N (2013) Rationale and design of the PRegnancy and infant DEvelopment (PRIDE) Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 27:34\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppe.12023","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"6513_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12618","volume":"34","author":"MMHJ Van Gelder","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Gelder MMHJ, Merkus PJFM, van Drongelen J, Swarts JW, van de Belt TH, Roeleveld N (2020) The PRIDE study: evaluation of online methods of data collection. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 34:484\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppe.12618","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"6513_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.09.009","volume":"74","author":"R Vlenterie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vlenterie R, Roeleveld N, van Gelder MMHJ (2016) Single awakening salivary measurements provide reliable estimates of morning cortisol levels in pregnant women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 74:295\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.09.009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"6513_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2009.09.008","volume":"85","author":"GHA Visser","year":"2009","unstructured":"Visser GHA, Eilers PHC, Elferink-Stinkens PM, Merkus HMWM, Wit JM (2009) New dutch reference curves for birthweight by gestational age. Early Hum Dev 85:737\u2013744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2009.09.008","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"6513_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.07.004","volume":"90","author":"MMHJ Van Gelder","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Gelder MMHJ, Vorstenbosch S, Derks L, te Winkel B, van Puijenbroek EP, Roeleveld N (2017) Web-based questionnaires to assess perinatal outcome proved to be valid. J Clin Epidemiol 90:136\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.07.004","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"6513_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(92)90041-4","volume":"26","author":"VJ Pop","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pop VJ, Komproe IH, van Son MJ (1992) Characteristics of the edinburgh post natal depression scale in the Netherlands. J Affect Disord 26:105\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-0327(92)90041-4","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"6513_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2010.07.008","volume":"70","author":"V Bergink","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bergink V, Kooistra L, Lambregtse-van den Berg MP, Wijnen BR, van Baar A, Pop V (2011) Validation of the edinburgh depression scale during pregnancy. J Psychosom Res 70:385\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2010.07.008","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"6513_CR38","unstructured":"Rothman K (2013) Episheet: spreadsheets for the analysis of epidemiologic data. http:\/\/www.epidemiolog.net\/studymat\/. Accessed 17 Jan 2022"},{"key":"6513_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2006.00744.x","volume":"20","author":"NM Jones","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jones NM, Holzman CB, Zanella AJ, Leece CM, Rahbar MH (2006) Assessing mid-trimester salivary cortisol levels across three consecutive days in pregnant women using an at-home collection protocol. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 20:425\u2013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2006.00744.x","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"6513_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2016.1174850","volume":"19","author":"N Skoluda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skoluda N, Linnemann A, Nater UM (2016) The role of week (end)-day and awakening time on cortisol and alpha-amylase awakening responses. Stress 19:333\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10253890.2016.1174850","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"6513_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2005.12.010","volume":"29","author":"T Field","year":"2006","unstructured":"Field T, Henandez-Reif M, Diego M, Figueiredo B, Schanberg S, Kuhn C (2006) Prenatal cortisol, prematurity and low birthweight. Infant Behav Dev 29:268\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.infbeh.2005.12.010","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"key":"6513_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000001287","volume":"127","author":"MC Hoffman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hoffman MC, Mazzoni SE, Wagner BD, Laudenslager ML, Ross RG (2016) Measures of maternal stress and mood in relation to preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol 127:545\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aog.0000000000001287","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"6513_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp061","volume":"169","author":"MS Kramer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kramer MS, Lydon J, S\u00e9guin L, Goulet L, Kahn SR, McNamara H, Genest J, Dassa C, Fong Chen M, Sharma S, Meaney MJ, Thomson S, Van Uum S, Koren G, Dahhou M, Lamoureux J, Platt RW (2009) Stress pathways to spontaneous preterm birth: the role of stressors, psychological distress, and stress hormones. Am J Epidemiol 169:1319\u20131326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwp061","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"6513_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12042","volume":"27","author":"MS Kramer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kramer MS, Lydon J, Goulet L, Kahn S, Dahhou M, Platt RW, Sharma S, Meaney MJ, S\u00e9quin L (2013) Maternal stress\/distress, hormonal pathways and spontaneous preterm birth. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 27:237\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppe.12042","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"6513_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.11.018","volume":"101","author":"S Nazzari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nazzari S, Fearon P, Rice F, Dottori N, Ciceri F, Molteni M, Frigerio A (2019) Beyond the HPA-axis: exploring maternal prenatal influences on birth outcomes and stress reactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 101:253\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.11.018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"6513_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021378","volume":"88","author":"E Kajantie","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kajantie E, Dunkel L, Turpeinen U, Stenman U-H, Wood PJ, Nuutila M, Andersson S (2003) Placental 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 and fetal cortisol\/cortisone shuttle in small preterm infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:493\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2002-021378","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"6513_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2007.10.010","volume":"29","author":"J Dy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dy J, Guan H, Sampath-Kumar R, Richardson BS, Yang K (2008) Placental 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in pregnancies complicated with idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction: evidence that this is associated with an attenuated ratio of cortison to cortisol in the umbilical artery. Placenta 29:193\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2007.10.010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"6513_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1203\/pdr.0b013e31818d6c24","volume":"65","author":"M Aufdenblatten","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aufdenblatten M, Baumann M, Raio L, Dick B, Frey BM, Schneider H, Surbek D, Hocher B, Mohaupt MG (2009) Prematurity is related to high placental cortisol in preeclampsia. Pediatr Res 65:198\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1203\/pdr.0b013e31818d6c24","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"6513_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2011.12.013","volume":"161","author":"B B\u00f6rzs\u00f6nyi","year":"2012","unstructured":"B\u00f6rzs\u00f6nyi B, Demendi C, Pajor A, Rig\u00f3 J Jr, Marosi K, Agota A, Nagy ZB, G\u00e1bor Jo\u00f3 J (2012) Gene expression patterns of the 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 enzyme in human placenta from intrauterine growth restriction: the role of impaired feto-maternal glucocorticoid metabolism. Eur J Obstet Reprod Biol 161:12\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2011.12.013","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Reprod Biol"},{"key":"6513_CR50","first-page":"928","volume":"8","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu Z, Liu Q (2015) Relationship between 11\u03b2-HSD2 mRNA and insulin sensitivity in term small-for-gestational age neonates after birth. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 8:928\u2013932","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"6513_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-09-0308","volume":"161","author":"V Mericq","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mericq V, Medina P, Kakarieka E, M\u00e1rquez L, Johnson MC, I\u00f1iguez G (2009) Differences in expression and activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and 2 in human placentas in term pregnancies according to birth weight and gender. Eur J Endocrinol 161:419\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje-09-0308","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"6513_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17890","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54362-0","volume":"9","author":"A Siemi\u0105tkowska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Siemi\u0105tkowska A, Kosicka K, Szpera-Go\u017adziewicz A, Krzy\u015bcin M, Br\u0119borowicz GH, G\u0142\u00f3wka FK (2019) Cortisol metabolism in pregnancies with small for gestational age neonates. Sci Rep 9:17890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-54362-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6513_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-015-0603-6","volume":"47","author":"RC Edwards","year":"2016","unstructured":"Edwards RC, Hans SL (2016) Prenatal depressive symptoms and toddler behavior problems: the role of maternal sensitivity and child sex. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 47:696\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-015-0603-6","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"6513_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1450001","volume":"145","author":"O Ukkola","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ukkola O, Gagnon J, Rankinen T, Thompson PA, Hong Y, Leon AS, Rao DC, Skinner JS, Wilmore JH, Bouchard C (2001) Age, body mass index, race and other determinants of steroid hormone variability: the HERITAGE family study. Eur J Endocrinol 145:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje.0.1450001","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"6513_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.011","volume":"59","author":"A Steptoe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Steptoe A, Ussher M (2006) Smoking, cortisol and nicotine. Int J Psychophysiol 59:228\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.011","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"6513_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2011.06.007","volume":"38","author":"S Entringer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Entringer S, Wadhwa PD, Buss C, Lu MC (2011) The contribution of maternal stress to preterm birth: issues and considerations. Clin Perinatol 38:351\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clp.2011.06.007","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"}],"container-title":["Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00404-022-06513-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00404-022-06513-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00404-022-06513-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T06:10:43Z","timestamp":1667455843000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00404-022-06513-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00404-022-06513-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-0711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-0711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 January 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest statement"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Regional Committee on Research involving Human Subjects Arnhem-Nijmegen (October 5, 2010; CMO 2009\/305).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}]}}