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The other two visits were during a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog downregulation (low estradiol) and at the end of a follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulation (high estradiol). The first visit was the reference; the women served as their controls. The concentrations of leptin, GLP-1, and hs-CRP were assessed from plasma. Dietary intake was assessed using food records (FRs). In addition, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and plasma levels of estradiol, glucose, HbA1c, insulin, and lipids were monitored. Twenty-six of the subjects also had a postprandial test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the stimulation protocol, leptin concentrations elevated (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and energy intake decreased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03), while estradiol levels increased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). GLP-1 levels unchanged (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.75) and hs-CRP (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03) concentrations diminished, while estradiol levels increased.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>No increased food intake or weight gain occurred during the stimulation protocol; thus, leptin may protect from overeating during high estradiol levels, and leptin resistance may not occur during a short follow-up. Also, a favorable anti-inflammatory effect was detected. During this study, we observed no harmful metabolic effects, which might affect negatively maternal health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-023-06950-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T17:02:48Z","timestamp":1676566968000},"page":"883-891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["High estradiol levels during a long agonist IVF protocol are associated with decreased food intake, higher leptin concentrations, and lower levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"308","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5201-295X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonna","family":"Lepp\u00e4nen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petrus","family":"Nuotio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaisa","family":"Randell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jarkko","family":"Romppanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leea","family":"Keski-Nisula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomi","family":"Laitinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jussi","family":"Pihlajam\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Schwab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seppo","family":"Heinonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1471","key":"6950_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1860","volume":"361","author":"L Asarian","year":"2006","unstructured":"Asarian L, Geary N (2006) Modulation of appetite by gonadal steroid hormones. 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