{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T04:08:34Z","timestamp":1775621314094,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008678","name":"Universit\u00e4t Leipzig","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008678","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Gynecol Obstet"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The fetal membranes are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy, and their integrity until parturition is critical for both fetal and maternal health. Preterm premature rupture of the membranes (pPROM) is known to be an indicator of preterm birth, but the underlying architectural and mechanical changes that lead to fetal membrane failure are not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to gain new insights into the anatomy of the fetal membrane and to establish a tissue processing and staining protocol suitable for future prospective cohort studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this proof of principle study, we collected fetal membranes from women undergoing vaginal delivery or cesarean section. Small membrane sections were then fixed, stained for nucleic acids, actin, and collagen using fluorescent probes, and subsequently imaged in three dimensions using a spinning disk confocal microscope.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four fetal membranes of different types were successfully processed and imaged after establishing a suitable protocol. Cellular and nuclear outlines are clearly visible in all cases, especially in the uppermost membrane layer. Focal membrane (micro) fractures could be identified in several samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The presented method proves to be well suited to determine whether and how the occurrence of membrane (micro) fractures and cellular jamming correlate with the timing of membrane rupture and the mode of delivery. In future measurements, this method could be combined with mechanical probing techniques to compare optical and mechanical sample information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-023-07070-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T10:53:11Z","timestamp":1684147991000},"page":"1919-1923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Anatomy of the fetal membranes: insights from spinning disk confocal microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"309","author":[{"given":"Hannah Marie","family":"Eichholz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alissa","family":"Cornelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1931-5198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Grubitzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Makky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bahriye","family":"Aktas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josef Alfons","family":"K\u00e4s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Stepan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"7070_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2018.11.003","volume":"79","author":"R Menon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Menon R, Richardson LS, Lappas M (2019) Fetal membrane architecture, aging and inflammation in pregnancy and parturition. Placenta 79:40\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2018.11.003","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"7070_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(98)90092-3","volume":"19","author":"GD Bryant-Greenwood","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bryant-Greenwood GD (1998) The extracellular matrix of the human fetal membranes: structure and function. Placenta 19:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0143-4004(98)90092-3","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"7070_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13195","volume":"150","author":"SR Walani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walani SR (2020) Global burden of preterm birth. Int J Gynecol Obstet 150:31\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijgo.13195","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"7070_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251816","volume":"345","author":"R Romero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Romero R, Dey SK, Fisher SJ (2014) Preterm labor: one syndrome, many causes. Science 345:760\u2013765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1251816","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"7070_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719111424454","volume":"20","author":"F Strauss Jerome","year":"2013","unstructured":"Strauss Jerome F (2013) Extracellular matrix dynamics and fetal membrane rupture. Reprod Sci 20:140\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1933719111424454","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"7070_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.08.019","volume":"187","author":"LS Richardson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Richardson LS, Vargas G, Brown T et al (2017) Discovery and characterization of human amniochorionic membrane microfractures. Am J Pathol 187:2821\u20132830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.08.019","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"7070_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gav074","volume":"22","author":"EH Dutta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dutta EH, Behnia F, Boldogh I et al (2016) Oxidative stress damage-associated molecular signaling pathways differentiate spontaneous preterm birth and preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Mol Hum Reprod 22:143\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molehr\/gav074","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"7070_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.05.041","volume":"213","author":"F Behnia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Behnia F, Taylor BD, Woodson M et al (2015) Chorioamniotic membrane senescence: a signal for parturition? Am J Obstet Gynecol 213:359.e1-359.e16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.05.041","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"7070_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2019.10.004","volume":"47","author":"R Menon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Menon R, Moore JJ (2020) Fetal membranes, not a mere appendage of the placenta, but a critical part of the fetal-maternal interface controlling parturition. Obstet Gynecol Clin 47:147\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ogc.2019.10.004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin"},{"key":"7070_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"011033","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.11.011033","volume":"11","author":"S Grosser","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grosser S, Lippoldt J, Oswald L et al (2021) Cell and nucleus shape as an indicator of tissue fluidity in carcinoma. Phys Rev X 11:011033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevX.11.011033","journal-title":"Phys Rev X"},{"key":"7070_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1994.tb11908.x","volume":"101","author":"TM Malak","year":"1994","unstructured":"Malak TM, Bell SC (1994) Structural characteristics of term human fetal membranes: a novel zone of extreme morphological alteration within the rupture site. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 101:375\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1994.tb11908.x","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"7070_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.01.021","volume":"196","author":"NG Reti","year":"2007","unstructured":"Reti NG, Lappas M, Riley C et al (2007) Why do membranes rupture at term? Evidence of increased cellular apoptosis in the supracervical fetal membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 196:484.e1-484.e10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.01.021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"7070_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.033647","volume":"72","author":"M El Khwad","year":"2005","unstructured":"El Khwad M, Stetzer B, Moore RM et al (2005) Term human fetal membranes have a weak zone overlying the lower uterine pole and cervix before onset of labor. Biol Reprod 72:720\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1095\/biolreprod.104.033647","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"11","key":"7070_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2013.09.002","volume":"34","author":"A Mauri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mauri A, Perrini M, Mateos JM et al (2013) Second harmonic generation microscopy of fetal membranes under deformation: normal and altered morphology. Placenta 34(11):1020\u20131026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2013.09.002","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"4","key":"7070_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-012-0438","volume":"12","author":"W Buerzle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buerzle W, Haller CM, Jabareen M et al (2013) Multiaxial mechanical behavior of human fetal membranes and its relationship to microstructure. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 12(4):747\u2013762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10237-012-0438","journal-title":"Biomech Model Mechanobiol"}],"container-title":["Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00404-023-07070-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00404-023-07070-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00404-023-07070-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T01:04:25Z","timestamp":1713143065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00404-023-07070-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["7070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00404-023-07070-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2644986\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1432-0711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-0711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 March 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Financial interests: BA has received honoraria from Pfizer, Roche, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Amgen and Daichi Sankyo. None of the payments is related to any aspect of this publication. BW has received consulting fees from Roche Pharma. HS has received consulting and speaker fees from Roche Diagnostics, Alexion, GE ultrasound, and Sanofi. None of the payments is related to any aspect of this publication. All other authors declare no potential conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee at the Medical Faculty of the University of Leipzig (2021-12-20, 540\/21-ek).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}]}}