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Traumatic birth experiences can cause psychological stress symptoms up to post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD), with impact on women\u2019s wellbeing. Primarily unplanned interventions can trigger birth-mode-related traumatization. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether an emergency cesarean section (ECS) is the most traumatizing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective case\u2013control study was undertaken. Therefore, data were collected by standardized questionnaires (Impact of Event Scale-Revised and City Birth Trauma Scale) that were sent to women with singleton pregnancies\u2009&gt;\u200934\u00a0weeks of gestation who either give birth by ECS (case group,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009139), unplanned cesarean section (UCS), operative vaginal birth (OVB), or natural birth (NB) (three control groups,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009139 each). The investigation period was 5\u00a0years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 126 of 556 (22%) sent questionnaires were returned and could be analyzed (32 ECS, 38 UCS, 36 OVB, and 20 NB). In comparison to other birth modes, women with ECS were associated with a higher degree of traumatization as revealed by statistically significant differences regarding the DSM-5 criteria intrusion and stressor. In addition, women who underwent ECS declared more frequently a demand for professional debriefing compared to other birth modes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ECS is associated with more post-traumatic stress symptoms compared to other birth modes. Therefore, early interventions are recommended to reduce long-term psychological stress reactions. In addition, outpatient follow-ups by midwives or emotional support programs should be implemented as an integral component of postpartum debriefings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-023-07114-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T23:51:26Z","timestamp":1688169086000},"page":"2439-2446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Post-traumatic stress syndromes following childbirth influenced by birth mode\u2014is an emergency cesarean section worst?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"309","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9169-5642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beate","family":"H\u00fcner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Friedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Sch\u00fctze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arkadius","family":"Polasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Janni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Reister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"7114_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0692-y","volume":"15","author":"U Lopez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lopez U, Meyer M, Loures V, Iselin-Chaves I, Epiney M, Kern C et al (2017) Post-traumatic stress disorder in parturients delivering by caesarean section and the implication of anaesthesia: a prospective cohort study. 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