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However, mechanisms are not yet fully understood, and previous studies have been comparatively small. We aim to assess bone metabolism during lactation by comparing bone-metabolism-related-parameters between large cohorts of lactating and nonlactating women.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In a retrospective cohort study, we recruited 779 postpartum women and 742 healthy, nonpregnant, nonlactating controls. Postpartum women were examined 3 and 6\u00a0months after delivery and retrospectively assigned to either the exclusively breastfeeding (exc-bf) group if they had exclusively breastfed or the nonexclusively breastfeeding (nonexc-bf) group if they had not exclusively breastfed up to the respective visit. Serum levels of PTH, Estradiol, total Calcium, Phosphate, and bone turnover markers (\u00dfCTX, P1NP, Osteocalcin) were compared between the groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Bone turnover markers were significantly increased in exc-bf and nonexc-bf women compared with the controls (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>s\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). \u00dfCTX was approximately twice as high in exc-bf women than in the controls. PTH levels were marginally higher in exc-bf (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and nonexc-bf women (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.003) compared with the controls (6\u00a0months). Estradiol was suppressed in exc-bf women compared with the controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001, 3\u00a0months).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Exc-bf and even nonexc-bf states are characterized by an increase in bone formation and resorption markers. The PTH data distribution of exc-bf, nonexc-bf, and control groups in the underpart of the reference range suggest that lactational bone loss is relatively independent of PTH.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-023-07189-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T14:08:52Z","timestamp":1694700532000},"page":"1853-1862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Bone turnover in lactating and nonlactating women"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"308","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6119-1152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena","family":"Nerius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2051-1249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mandy","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4034-5535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uta","family":"Ceglarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4118-9455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wieland","family":"Kiess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0820-8231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald","family":"Biemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1264-7365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holger","family":"Stepan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2679-5425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Kratzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"7189_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05249.x","volume":"1192","author":"JJ Wysolmerski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wysolmerski JJ (2010) Interactions between breast, bone, and brain regulate mineral and skeletal metabolism during lactation. 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