{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T14:00:43Z","timestamp":1788184843784,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716163200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Committee of the Kuopio University Hospital Catchment Area for the State Research Funding"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005744","name":"Lastentautien Tutkimuss\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005744","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004037","name":"Juho Vainion S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Finnish Food Research Foundation"},{"name":"Doctoral Programme in Health Sciences at the University of Eastern Finland"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007753","name":"University of Eastern Finland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007753","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Gynecol Obstet"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with restricted fetal growth. We aimed to evaluate the association between maternal caffeine intake during early and late pregnancy and the risk of delivering a small for gestational age (SGA) baby.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Kuopio Birth Cohort (KuBiCo) is a prospective cohort study including women whose pregnancies and deliveries were treated at the prenatal clinics in outpatient healthcare centers and in Kuopio University Hospital, Finland. Maternal diet and caffeine intake during the first (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092007) and third (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094362) trimester of pregnancy were assessed using a 160-item food frequency questionnaire (2013\u20132022). SGA was defined as birth weight corrected for gestational age below \u2009\u2212\u20092 standard deviations from the mean, according to the sex-specific Finnish fetal growth curves.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Altogether in 32 and 38% (1st and 3rd trimester) of all women and in 44 and 52% of coffee drinkers, caffeine intake exceeded the recommendation for caffeine intake (\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$\\le $$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      200\u00a0mg\/day) during pregnancy. The women with moderate (51\u2013200\u00a0mg\/day) (aOR 1.87; 95% CI: 1.16\u20133.02) and high (&gt;\u2009200\u00a0mg\/day) (aOR 1.51; 95% CI: 1.08\u20132.10) caffeine intake during the first trimester were in the highest risk of having an SGA newborn. Caffeine intake in the third trimester of pregnancy was not associated with SGA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Moderate and high caffeine intake during early pregnancy is associated with SGA. As the results suggest that even moderate caffeine intake during the first trimester may increase the risk of SGA, the intake within recommendation limits does not necessarily appear to be safe for pregnant women and their newborns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-024-07538-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T09:01:30Z","timestamp":1716195690000},"page":"359-368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and the risk of delivering a small for gestational age baby: Kuopio Birth Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"310","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9687-8365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anni","family":"Kukkonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5330-3847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sari","family":"Hantunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0664-2675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ari","family":"Voutilainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1169-7478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anu","family":"Ruusunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5683-407X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katri","family":"Backman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6119-8768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pirkka V.","family":"Kirjavainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6226-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maija","family":"Ylilauri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7858-665X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raimo","family":"Voutilainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1949-3787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markku","family":"Pasanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5354-0700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leea","family":"Keski-Nisula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"7538_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-42","volume":"11","author":"V Sengpiel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sengpiel V, Elind E, Bacelis J et al (2013) Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with birth weight but not with gestational length: results from a large prospective observational cohort study. BMC Med 11:42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1741-7015-11-42","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"7538_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2018.1450089","volume":"22","author":"Y Miyake","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miyake Y, Tanaka K, Okubo H et al (2019) Maternal caffeine intake in pregnancy is inversely related to childhood peer problems in Japan: The Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study. Nutr Neurosci 22:817\u2013824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1028415X.2018.1450089","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"7538_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy219","volume":"108","author":"LW Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen LW, Fitzgerald R, Murrin CM et al (2018) Associations of maternal caffeine intake with birth outcomes: results from the Lifeways Cross Generation Cohort Study. Am J Clin Nutr 108:1301\u20131308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy219","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"7538_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4102","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4102","volume":"13","author":"European Food Safety Authority","year":"2015","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (2015) Scientific opinion on the safety of caffeine. EFSA J 13:4102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4102","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"7538_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02231-2","volume":"60","author":"A Lehtonen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lehtonen A, Uusitalo L, Auriola S et al (2020) Caffeine content in newborn hair correlates with maternal dietary intake. Eur J Nutr 60:193\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-020-02231-2","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"7538_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a2332","volume":"337","author":"Olsen, Bech, CARE Study Group","year":"2008","unstructured":"Olsen, Bech, CARE Study Group (2008) Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of fetal growth restriction: a large prospective observational study. BMJ 337:1334\u20131338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.a2332","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"7538_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-0617-4","volume":"45","author":"F Jin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jin F, Qiao C (2021) Association of maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy with low birth weight, childhood overweight, and obesity: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Obes 45:279\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41366-020-0617-4","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"7538_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1945532","volume":"63","author":"S Soltani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soltani S, Salari-Moghaddam A, Saneei P et al (2023) Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and risk of low birth weight: a dose\u2013response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 63:224\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2021.1945532","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"7538_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.3238","volume":"4","author":"JL Gleason","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gleason JL, Tekola-Ayele F, Sundaram R et al (2021) Association between maternal caffeine consumption and metabolism and neonatal anthropometry: a secondary analysis of the NICHD fetal growth studies-singletons. JAMA Netw Open 4:e213238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.3238","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"7538_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-014-9944-x","volume":"29","author":"DC Greenwood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Greenwood DC (2014) Caffeine intake during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and dose-response metaanalysis. Eur J Epidemiol 29(10):725\u2013734","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"7538_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.886224","volume":"9","author":"A Jafari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jafari A, Naghshi S, Shahinfar H et al (2022) Relationship between maternal caffeine and coffee intake and pregnancy loss: a grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation-assessed, dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Front Nutr 9:886224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.886224","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"7538_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015002463","volume":"19","author":"L-W Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen L-W, Wu Y, Neelakantan N et al (2016) Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of pregnancy loss: a categorical and dose\u2013response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr 19:1233\u20131244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980015002463","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"7538_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.03.033","volume":"130","author":"J Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li J, Zhao H, Song J-M et al (2015) A meta-analysis of risk of pregnancy loss and caffeine and coffee consumption during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 130:116\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.03.033","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"7538_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29789","volume":"92","author":"E Maslova","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maslova E, Bhattacharya S, Lin S-W, Michels KB (2010) Caffeine consumption during pregnancy and risk of preterm birth: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 92:1120\u20131132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29789","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"7538_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Askari M, Bazshahi E, Payande N et al (2023) Relationship between caffeine intake and small for gestational age and preterm birth: a dose-response meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2023.2177606","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2177606"},{"key":"7538_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy091","volume":"10","author":"SC Campisi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Campisi SC, Carbone SE, Zlotkin S (2019) Catch-up growth in full-term small for gestational age infants: a systematic review. Adv Nutr 10:104\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/advances\/nmy091","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"7538_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2021.02.002","volume":"48","author":"SE Damhuis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Damhuis SE, Ganzevoort W, Gordijn SJ (2021) Abnormal fetal growth. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 48:267\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ogc.2021.02.002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"key":"7538_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00810-z","volume":"36","author":"AJ Wilcox","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilcox AJ, Cortese M, McConnaughey DR et al (2021) The limits of small-for-gestational-age as a high-risk category. Eur J Epidemiol 36:985\u2013991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-021-00810-z","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"7538_CR19","unstructured":"Osuchukwu OO, Reed DJ (2022) Small for gestational age. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL"},{"key":"7538_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00522-6","volume":"401","author":"JE Lawn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lawn JE, Ohuma EO, Bradley E et al (2023) Small babies, big risks: global estimates of prevalence and mortality for vulnerable newborns to accelerate change and improve counting. Lancet 401:1707\u20131719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00522-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7538_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2215-9","volume":"19","author":"D Modzelewska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Modzelewska D, Bellocco R, Elfvin A et al (2019) Caffeine exposure during pregnancy, small for gestational age birth and neonatal outcome\u2014results from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 19:80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-019-2215-9","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"7538_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-011-0830-9","volume":"16","author":"CA Hoffmire","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoffmire CA, Chess PR, Ben Saad T, Glantz JC (2012) Elective delivery before 39 weeks: the risk of infant admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Matern Child Health J 16:1053\u20131062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10995-011-0830-9","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"7538_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.660111","volume":"9","author":"S Abali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abali S, Beken S, Albayrak E et al (2021) Neonatal problems and infancy growth of term SGA infants: does \u201cSGA\u201d definition need to be re-evaluated? Front Pediatr 9:660111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2021.660111","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"7538_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70014-7","volume":"1","author":"MS Kramer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kramer MS (2013) Born too small or too soon. Lancet Glob Health 1:e7\u2013e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70014-7","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"7538_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.6.1235","volume":"31","author":"D Barker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barker D, Eriksson J, Fors\u00e9n T, Osmond C (2002) Fetal origins of adult disease: strength of effects and biological basis. Int J Epidemiol 31:1235\u20131239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/31.6.1235","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"7538_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h3672","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h3672","volume":"351","author":"Y Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li Y, Ley SH, Tobias DK et al (2015) Birth weight and later life adherence to unhealthy lifestyles in predicting type 2 diabetes: prospective cohort study. BMJ 351:h3672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.h3672","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"7538_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1799","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.000638","volume":"94","author":"JG Eriksson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eriksson JG (2011) Early growth and coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes: findings from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study (HBCS). Am J Clin Nutr 94:S1799\u2013S1802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.110.000638","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"7538_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.6.1253","volume":"111","author":"PA Lee","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lee PA, Chernausek SD, Hokken-Koelega ACS et al (2003) International Small for Gestational Age Advisory Board Consensus Development Conference statement: management of short children born small for gestational age, April 24\u2013October 1, 2001. Pediatrics 111:1253\u20131261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.111.6.1253","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"7538_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01276","volume":"16","author":"LI Darakjian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Darakjian LI, Kaddoumi A (2019) Physiologically based pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic model for caffeine disposition in pregnancy. Mol Pharm 16:1340\u20131349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01276","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"7538_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(62)90106-5","volume":"11","author":"A Goldstein","year":"1962","unstructured":"Goldstein A, Warren R (1962) Passage of caffeine into human gonadal and fetal tissue. Biochem Pharmacol 11:166\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-2952(62)90106-5","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"7538_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00637512","volume":"21","author":"R Knutti","year":"1981","unstructured":"Knutti R, Rothweiler H, Schlatter C (1981) Effect of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 21:121\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00637512","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"7538_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132334","volume":"10","author":"J Rhee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rhee J, Kim R, Kim Y et al (2015) Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and risk of low birth weight: a dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One 10:e0132334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0132334","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"7538_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(00)00110-7","volume":"81","author":"JW Daly","year":"2000","unstructured":"Daly JW (2000) Alkylxanthines as research tools. J Auton Nerv Syst 81:44\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0165-1838(00)00110-7","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"key":"7538_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2004.12.011","volume":"15","author":"LM Grosso","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grosso LM, Bracken MB (2005) Caffeine metabolism, genetics, and perinatal outcomes: a review of exposure assessment considerations during pregnancy. Ann Epidemiol 15:460\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2004.12.011","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"7538_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-2013-9","volume":"18","author":"P Huuskonen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huuskonen P, Keski-Nisula L, Heinonen S et al (2018) Kuopio birth cohort\u2014design of a Finnish joint research effort for identification of environmental and lifestyle risk factors for the wellbeing of the mother and the newborn child. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 18:381\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-018-2013-9","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"7538_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(95)00551-x","volume":"49","author":"S M\u00e4nnist\u00f6","year":"1996","unstructured":"M\u00e4nnist\u00f6 S, Virtanen M, Mikkonen T, Pietinen P (1996) Reproducibility and validity of a food frequency questionnaire in a case-control study on breast cancer. J Clin Epidemiol 49:401\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0895-4356(95)00551-x","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"7538_CR37","volume-title":"WHO recommendations for care of the preterm or low-birth-weight infant","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022) WHO recommendations for care of the preterm or low-birth-weight infant. WHO, Geneva"},{"key":"7538_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003606","volume":"135","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists","year":"2020","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2020) Macrosomia: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 216. Obstet Gynecol 135:e18\u2013e35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003606","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"7538_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2013.803739","volume":"45","author":"U Sankilampi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sankilampi U, Hannila M-L, Saari A et al (2013) New population-based references for birth weight, length, and head circumference in singletons and twins from 23 to 43 gestation weeks. Ann Med 45:446\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/07853890.2013.803739","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"7538_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12551","volume":"33","author":"S Kobayashi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kobayashi S, Sata F, Murata K et al (2019) Dose-dependent associations between prenatal caffeine consumption and small for gestational age, preterm birth, and reduced birthweight in the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 33:185\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppe.12551","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"7538_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-013-1397-4","volume":"18","author":"AT Hoyt","year":"2014","unstructured":"The National Birth Defects Prevention Study, Hoyt AT, Browne M et al (2014) Maternal caffeine consumption and small for gestational age births: results from a population-based case-control study. Matern Child Health J 18:1540\u20131551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10995-013-1397-4","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"7538_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-12-28","volume":"12","author":"S R\u00e4is\u00e4nen","year":"2013","unstructured":"R\u00e4is\u00e4nen S, Gissler M, Sankilampi U et al (2013) Contribution of socioeconomic status to the risk of small for gestational age infants\u2014a population-based study of 1,390,165 singleton live births in Finland. Int J Equity Health 12:28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-9276-12-28","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"7538_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12391","volume":"22","author":"JL Treur","year":"2017","unstructured":"Treur JL, Taylor AE, Ware JJ et al (2017) Smoking and caffeine consumption: a genetic analysis of their association: smoking and caffeine. Addict Biol 22:1090\u20131102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/adb.12391","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"7538_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy037","volume":"25","author":"IF Reijnders","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reijnders IF, Mulders AGMGJ, Van Der Windt M et al (2019) The impact of periconceptional maternal lifestyle on clinical features and biomarkers of placental development and function: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 25:72\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/dmy037","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"7538_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-200606000-00006","volume":"49","author":"D Maulik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maulik D (2006) Fetal growth restriction: the etiology. Clin Obstet Gynecol 49:228\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003081-200606000-00006","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"7538_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2019.11.004","volume":"31","author":"J Qian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qian J, Chen Q, Ward SM et al (2020) Impacts of caffeine during pregnancy. Trends Endocrinol Metab 31:218\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2019.11.004","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"7538_CR47","unstructured":"Finfood\u2014Finnish Food Information (2023) Forkful of facts: Finnish Food Industry Statistics 2023. Finfood"},{"key":"7538_CR48","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Welfare in Finland (THL) Eating together\u2014food recommendations for families with children"},{"key":"7538_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091152","volume":"10","author":"A Leviton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leviton A (2018) Biases inherent in studies of coffee consumption in early pregnancy and the risks of subsequent events. Nutrients 10:1152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10091152","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"7538_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4178\/epih\/e2014009","volume":"36","author":"JS Shim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shim JS, Oh K, Kim HC (2014) Dietary assessment methods in epidemiologic studies. Epidemiol Health 36:e2014009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4178\/epih\/e2014009","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health"}],"container-title":["Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00404-024-07538-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00404-024-07538-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00404-024-07538-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T08:12:46Z","timestamp":1718179966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00404-024-07538-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["7538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00404-024-07538-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-0711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-0711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The research Ethics Committee of the Hospital District of Central Finland in Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 reviewed and approved the KuBiCo plan in 2011 (18U\/2011). All participants gave informed consent during recruitment.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All women gave informed consent during recruitment.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All women gave informed consent during recruitment.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}}]}}