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Participants were divided into three groups based on the controlled ovarian hyperstimulation protocol: follicular-phase ultralong gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a), luteal-phase GnRH-a long, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH-ant) protocol groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant differences were observed among the groups in gonadotropin (Gn) starting dose, Gn administration duration, total Gn dose, estradiol level on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration (hCG day), progesterone level on hCG day, luteinizing hormone level on hCG day, endometrial thickness on hCG day, and number of embryos transferred (p &lt; 0.05). We also found significant group differences in the number of eggs retrieved, two pronucleizygotes, and cleavages (p &lt; 0.05), but not in high-quality embryos (p &lt; 0.05). Clinical pregnancy and live birth rates significantly differed among the three groups (p &lt; 0.05), whereas ectopic pregnancy, early miscarriage, and multiple pregnancy rates did not (p &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In fresh embryo transfer cycles, the GnRH-ant protocol required the shortest duration of Gn administration and lowest total Gn dose, whereas the GnRH-a long protocol had the highest clinical pregnancy rate. Therefore, the GnRH-a long protocol is considered the preferred method for female patients who can undergo fresh transfers during IVF-D cycles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-025-08272-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T11:19:19Z","timestamp":1767871159000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of different ovulation induction protocols on pregnancy outcomes of fresh cycles in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer with donor sperm"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"313","author":[{"given":"Lixiao","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"8272_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023) Infertility prevalence estimates, 1990\u20132021. 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