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Although nonvertex presentation of the second twin is a recognized risk factor, predictors in vertex\u2013vertex twin pregnancies remain unclear. The objective of this study was to identify maternal, pregnancy-related, intrapartum, and fetal risk factors associated with combined vaginal\u2013cesarean delivery in twin pregnancies with vertex\u2013vertex presentation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective single-center case\u2013control study was conducted at Lis Maternity and Women\u2019s Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, between 2012 and 2023. The study included women with twin pregnancies in vertex\u2013vertex presentation who attempted vaginal delivery. The case group comprised women who underwent combined vaginal\u2013cesarean delivery (vaginal birth of the first twin followed by cesarean of the second), while controls delivered both twins vaginally. Maternal, pregnancy-related, intrapartum, and fetal variables were analyzed using univariate and multivariable logistic regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 503 twin deliveries meeting inclusion criteria, 22 (4.4%) resulted in combined vaginal\u2013cesarean delivery. Maternal characteristics, labor features, and fetal parameters were similar between groups. Gestational diabetes mellitus was significantly more frequent among combined deliveries (31.8% vs. 10.8%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009) and remained the only independent risk factor after adjustment (odds ratio 4.06; 95% CI 1.57\u201310.53;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004). No other associations were found between the delivery outcome and other factors, including maternal age, parity, previous cesarean delivery, preeclampsia, instrumental delivery of the first twin, gestational age at delivery, and intertwin birthweight discordance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vertex\u2013vertex twin pregnancies, successful vaginal delivery is achieved in approximately 95% of cases. Gestational diabetes mellitus independently increases the likelihood of cesarean delivery for the second twin, suggesting a possible metabolic influence on labor dynamics. Optimal glycemic control and vigilant intrapartum management may help minimize cesarean conversions. Larger multicenter studies are warranted to validate these findings and explore the effect of diabetes severity and treatment type.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-026-08406-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T15:01:45Z","timestamp":1774537305000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk factors for combined vaginal\u2013cesarean delivery in the vertex\u2013vertex twins: a case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"313","author":[{"given":"Itay","family":"Manor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gabbai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoav","family":"Baruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yariv","family":"Yogev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liran","family":"Hiersch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Attali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"8406_CR1","volume-title":"Infant births and deaths in Israel 2000-2020","author":"Z Haklai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haklai Z, Gordon S, Shlichkov G, Almashanu S, Zimmerman D (2022) Infant births and deaths in Israel 2000-2020. 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