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This study aimed to evaluate the agreement between preoperative high-frequency colour Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) findings and intraoperative anatomy of internal and lateral intercostal perforators, and to map their anatomical distribution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty-four patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery were examined using high-frequency CDUS. The region from the midline to the mid-axillary line and from the fourth intercostal space to 4 cm below the inframammary fold was systematically scanned. Dominant perforators were measured, marked, and intraoperatively reassessed in 24 patients undergoing AICAP flap reconstruction. Vessel diameters, location, and additional perforators were recorded and spatial distribution was analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Preoperative CDUS identified lateral perforators as larger than internal (2.08\u00a0mm vs. 1.61\u00a0mm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01), confirmed intraoperatively (1.69\u00a0mm vs. 1.10\u00a0mm, p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). Dominant perforators were located 3.63\u00a0cm lateral to the patient\u2019s midline and 1.32\u00a0cm inferior to the IMF (internal), and 0.53\u00a0cm medial to the anterior axillary line and 0.95\u00a0cm inferior to the IMF (lateral). In both internal and lateral regions, supplementary vessels were detected near the dominant perforators, contributing to increased perfusion security.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High-frequency CDUS enables reproducible preoperative localisation of dominant IAICAP and LAICAP perforators and shows high agreement with intraoperative findings. Standardised ultrasound mapping may support structured flap planning and intraoperative orientation in oncoplastic breast reconstruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-026-08417-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T14:34:13Z","timestamp":1775745253000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping internal and lateral anterior intercostal artery perforator flaps with colour Doppler ultrasound: correlation between preoperative imaging and intraoperative findings in oncoplastic breast surgery"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"313","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2681-9159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Mayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"von Falkenhausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Kiechle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"8417_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2227-684X.2014.06.04","volume":"3","author":"C Angrigiani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Angrigiani C, Rancati A, Escudero E, Artero G, Gercovich G, Deza EG (2014) Propeller thoracodorsal artery perforator flap for breast reconstruction. 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