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OD patients frequently ask for training modifications in the hope of a better outcome. Also, a lack of knowledge of the flavor system is evident. This investigation sought to implement flavor education (FE) and encourage patients to experience flavors in terms of a flavor training (FT).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In included patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200930), OD was either of postinfectious (86.7%) or posttraumatic (13.3%) cause. Chemosensory abilities were tested orthonasally (using Sniffin Sticks\u2009=\u2009TDI) and retronasally (using the Candy Smell Test\u2009=\u2009CST). Key points of flavor perception were demonstrated in an educative session. Subjects were instructed to consciously experience flavors out of a list of 50. Effects of FT were explored in two groups (group A and B), with group B starting FT 17\u00a0weeks later.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>FE was appreciated and drop-out rate stayed very low (one participant). Compliance was high and 30.4\u2009\u00b1\u200912.9 flavors were tried. Overall TDI scores improved in 10 patients (6 group A, 4 group B) in a clinically significant way (&gt;\u20095.5). For group A (starting FT earlier) rm-ANOVA showed a significant effect of session (timepoint) on CST (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Flavor education is demonstrated as feasible and appreciated in a clinical setting. FT seems to be a welcomed second-line therapy in patients with olfactory dysfunction. This study shows beneficial trends of FT; however, further studies with larger sample sizes and standardized training protocols are needed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05950-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,4]],"date-time":"2020-04-04T13:02:36Z","timestamp":1586005356000},"page":"1987-1994","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Flavor education and training in olfactory dysfunction: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"277","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3168-7477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerold","family":"Besser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela M.","family":"Oswald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David T.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertold","family":"Renner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian A.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"5950_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05405","volume":"444","author":"GM Shepherd","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shepherd GM (2006) Smell images and the flavour system in the human brain. 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