{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T11:19:00Z","timestamp":1759058340537,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stiftungsfonds zur Foerderung der Bekaempfung der Tuberkulose und anderer Lungenkrankheiten","award":["COVID030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID030"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005788","name":"Medical University of Vienna","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005788","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Olfactory dysfunction (OD) constitutes a major symptom in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Yet, most data on smell loss rely on the evaluation of orthonasal olfactory performance. Therefore, we aimed to assess retronasal olfactory function (ROF) over a period of several weeks in proven and suspected COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>One hundred and one subjects with suspected or laboratory-proven COVID-19 participated in this study. In patients with OD no longer than 4 weeks after initial symptom onset, ROF was measured with the 7-item Candy Smell Test ten times over 7 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Olfactory function was decreased in the investigated patients and remained decreased over the course of 7 weeks. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA revealed no significant difference of ROF between different measurement time points. However, self-assessment of smell and flavour improved significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.043), but did not show complete recovery.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The current investigation revealed significant improvements in subjective smell and flavour perception over the course of 7 weeks in proven and suspected COVID-19 patients suffering from acute OD. However, objectively measured ROF based on a screening test revealed no improvements within the same time period.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-06826-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T17:03:10Z","timestamp":1620925390000},"page":"257-265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Retronasal olfactory testing in early diagnosed and suspected COVID-19 patients: a 7-week follow-up study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"279","author":[{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Prem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David Tianxiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerold","family":"Besser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bertold","family":"Renner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6172-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian Albert","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"6826_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102433","volume":"109","author":"HA Rothan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN (2020) The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun 109:102433","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"6826_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-05762-w","volume":"35","author":"F Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang F, Deng L, Zhang L, Cai Y, Cheung CW, Xia Z (2020) Review of the Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Gen Intern Med 35:1545\u20131549","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"6826_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.116","volume":"58","author":"C Hopkins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hopkins C, Surda P, Kumar N (2020) Presentation of new onset anosmia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rhinology 58:295\u2013298","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"6826_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8391","volume":"323","author":"KL Whitcroft","year":"2020","unstructured":"Whitcroft KL, Hummel T (2020) Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19: diagnosis and management. JAMA 323:2512\u20132514","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6826_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22578","volume":"10","author":"ZM Soler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soler ZM, Patel ZM, Turner JH, Holbrook EH (2020) A primer on viral-associated olfactory loss in the era of COVID-19. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 10:814\u2013820","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"6826_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino16.248","volume":"54","author":"T Hummel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hummel T, Whitcroft KL, Andrews P et al (2017) Position paper on olfactory dysfunction. Rhinol Suppl 54:1\u201330","journal-title":"Rhinol Suppl"},{"issue":"1","key":"6826_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjorl.2020.05.004","volume":"6","author":"SA Imam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Imam SA, Lao WP, Reddy P, Nguyen SA, Schlosser RJ (2020) Is SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) postviral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) different from other PVOD? World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 6(1):S26\u2013S32","journal-title":"World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"6826_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","volume":"77","author":"L Mao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mao L, Wang M, Chen S et al (2020) Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study. JAMA Neurol 77(6):683\u2013690","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"6826_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1","volume":"277","author":"JR Lechien","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR et al (2020) Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 277:2251\u20132261","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"6826_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14440","volume":"27","author":"CM Chiesa-Estomba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chiesa-Estomba CM, Lechien JR, Radulesco T et al (2020) Patterns of smell recovery in 751 patients affected by the COVID-19 outbreak. Eur J Neurol 27:2318\u20132321","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"6826_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2020.04.006","volume":"50","author":"T Klopfenstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klopfenstein T, Kadiane-Oussou NJ, Toko L et al (2020) Features of anosmia in COVID-19. Med Mal Infect 50:436\u2013439","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"6826_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820922992","volume":"163","author":"R Kaye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaye R, Chang CWD, Kazahaya K, Brereton J, Denneny JC 3rd (2020) COVID-19 anosmia reporting tool: initial findings. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 163:132\u2013134","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"6826_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28692","volume":"130","author":"LA Vaira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vaira LA, Salzano G, Deiana G, De Riu G (2020) Anosmia and ageusia: common findings in COVID-19 patients. Laryngoscope 130:1787","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"6826_CR14","first-page":"62","volume":"34","author":"SHR Bagheri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bagheri SHR, Asghari AM, Farhadi M et al (2020) Coincidence of COVID-19 epidemic and olfactory dysfunction outbreak. Med J Islam Repub Iran 34:62","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"issue":"10","key":"6826_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489420932617","volume":"129","author":"JM Abalo-Lojo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abalo-Lojo JM, Pouso-Diz JM, Gonzalez F (2020) Taste and smell dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 129(10):1041\u20131042","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"6826_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E702","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200869","volume":"192","author":"A Carignan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carignan A, Valiquette L, Grenier C et al (2020) Anosmia and dysgeusia associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: an age-matched case-control study. CMAJ 192:E702\u2013E707","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"6826_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22587","volume":"10","author":"ST Moein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moein ST, Hashemian SMR, Mansourafshar B, Khorram-Tousi A, Tabarsi P, Doty RL (2020) Smell dysfunction: a biomarker for COVID-19. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 10:944\u2013950","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"6826_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561320929169","volume":"99","author":"JR Lechien","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lechien JR, Cabaraux P, Chiesa-Estomba CM et al (2020) Psychophysical olfactory tests and detection of COVID-19 in patients with sudden onset olfactory dysfunction: a prospective study. Ear Nose Throat J 99(9):579\u2013583","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"6826_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820965242","author":"DT Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu DT, Besser G, Prem B et al (2020) Self-perceived taste and flavor perception: associations with quality of life in patients with olfactory loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0194599820965242","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"6826_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0567","volume":"30","author":"A Izquierdo-Dominguez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Izquierdo-Dominguez A, Rojas-Lechuga MJ, Mullol J, Alobid I (2020) Olfactory dysfunction in the COVID-19 outbreak. J Investig Allergol Clini Immunol 30(5):317\u2013326","journal-title":"J Investig Allergol Clini Immunol"},{"key":"6826_CR21","unstructured":"Vienna MUV (2020) MedUni Wien erforscht H\u00e4ufigkeit und Verlauf von Riechst\u00f6rungen bei SARS-CoV-2-Infizierten. https:\/\/www.meduniwien.ac.at\/web\/ueber-uns\/news\/detailseite\/2020\/news-im-april-2020\/meduni-wien-erforscht-haeufigkeit-und-verlauf-von-riechstoerungen-bei-sars-cov-2-infizierten\/. Accessed 21 Mar 2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"6826_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820939538","volume":"163","author":"A Paderno","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paderno A, Mattavelli D, Rampinelli V et al (2020) Olfactory and gustatory outcomes in COVID-19: a prospective evaluation in nonhospitalized subjects. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 163(6):1144\u20131149","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"6826_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-009-1054-0","volume":"267","author":"I Croy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Croy I, Buschhuter D, Seo HS, Negoias S, Hummel T (2010) Individual significance of olfaction: development of a questionnaire. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 267:67\u201371","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"6826_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-004-0796-y","volume":"262","author":"J Frasnelli","year":"2005","unstructured":"Frasnelli J, Hummel T (2005) Olfactory dysfunction and daily life. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 262:231\u2013235","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"6826_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20123","volume":"119","author":"B Renner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Renner B, Mueller CA, Dreier J, Faulhaber S, Rascher W, Kobal G (2009) The candy smell test: a new test for retronasal olfactory performance. Laryngoscope 119:487\u2013495","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"6826_CR26","first-page":"218","volume":"58","author":"G Besser","year":"2020","unstructured":"Besser G, Tianxiang Liu D, Prem B et al (2020) Retronasal olfactory testing using candies sent by post and for screening purposes: a feasibility study. Rhinology 58:218\u2013225","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"6826_CR27","first-page":"2","volume":"41","author":"CA Mueller","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mueller CA, Kallert S, Renner B et al (2003) Quantitative assessment of gustatory function in a clinical context using impregnated \u201ctaste strips.\u201d Rhinology 41:2\u20136","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"6826_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.114","volume":"58","author":"SB Gane","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gane SB, Kelly C, Hopkins C (2020) Isolated sudden onset anosmia in COVID-19 infection. A novel syndrome? Rhinology 58(3):299\u2013301","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"6826_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa034","author":"B Iravani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iravani B, Arshamian A, Ravia A et al (2020) Relationship between odor intensity estimates and COVID-19 prevalence prediction in a Swedish population. Chem Senses. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa034","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"1","key":"6826_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820929278","volume":"163","author":"BM Lehrich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lehrich BM, Goshtasbi K, Raad RA et al (2020) Aggregate prevalence of chemosensory and sinonasal dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses. Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 163(1):156\u2013161","journal-title":"Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"6826_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21681","volume":"6","author":"A Wolf","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wolf A, Varga L, Wittibschlager L, Renner B, Mueller CA (2016) A self-administered test of taste function using \u201cTaste Strips.\u201d Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 6:362\u2013366","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"6826_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa066","volume":"45","author":"L Iannuzzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iannuzzi L, Salzo AE, Angarano G et al (2020) Gaining back what is lost: recovering the sense of smell in mild to moderate patients after COVID-19. Chem Senses 45(9):875\u2013881","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"12","key":"6826_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2020.1811999","volume":"140","author":"MS Otte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Otte MS, Eckel HNC, Poluschkin L, Klussmann JP, Luers JC (2020) Olfactory dysfunction in patients after recovering from COVID-19. Acta Oto-Laryngol 140(12):1032\u20131035","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol"},{"key":"6826_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06267-2","author":"SD Le Bon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Le Bon SD, Pisarski N, Verbeke J et al (2020) Psychophysical evaluation of chemosensory functions 5 weeks after olfactory loss due to COVID-19: a prospective cohort study on 72 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-020-06267-2","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"10","key":"6826_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22680","volume":"10","author":"ST Moein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moein ST, Hashemian SM, Tabarsi P, Doty RL (2020) Prevalence and reversibility of smell dysfunction measured psychophysically in a cohort of COVID-19 patients. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 10(10):1127\u20131135","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"6826_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13209","author":"J Lechien","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lechien J, Chiesa-Estomba C, Beckers E et al (2021) Prevalence and recovery of olfactory dysfunction in 1,363 patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a multicenter longitudinal study. J Intern Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.13209","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"6826_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29070","volume":"130","author":"S Negoias","year":"2020","unstructured":"Negoias S, Meves B, Zang Y, Haehner A, Hummel T (2020) Characteristics of olfactory disorder with and without reported flavor loss. Laryngoscope 130(12):2869\u20132873","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"6","key":"6826_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26204","volume":"42","author":"LA Vaira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vaira LA, Deiana G, Fois AG et al (2020) Objective evaluation of anosmia and ageusia in COVID-19 patients: single-center experience on 72 cases. Head Neck 42(6):1252\u20131258","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"6826_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22655","volume":"10","author":"CA Hintschich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hintschich CA, Wenzel JJ, Hummel T et al (2020) Psychophysical tests reveal impaired olfaction but preserved gustation in COVID-19 patients. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 10:1105\u20131107","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"6826_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.117107","volume":"418","author":"MA Lima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lima MA, Silva MTT, Oliveira RV et al (2020) Smell dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: more than a yes-no question. J Neurol Sci 418:117107","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"6826_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1177\/194589240501900606","volume":"19","author":"A Welge-Luessen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Welge-Luessen A, Hummel T, Stojan T, Wolfensberger M (2018) What is the correlation between ratings and measures of olfactory function in patients with olfactory loss? Am J Rhinol 19:567\u2013571","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"key":"6826_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28773","volume":"130","author":"DT Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu DT, Besser G, Prem B et al (2020) Association between orthonasal olfaction and chemosensory perception in patients with smell loss. Laryngoscope 130:2213\u20132219","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"6826_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09564-x","volume":"267","author":"C Migneault-Bouchard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Migneault-Bouchard C, Hsieh JW, Hugentobler M, Frasnelli J, Landis BN (2020) Chemosensory decrease in different forms of olfactory dysfunction. J Neurol 267:138\u2013143","journal-title":"J Neurol"}],"container-title":["European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00405-021-06826-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00405-021-06826-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00405-021-06826-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T10:09:19Z","timestamp":1641463759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00405-021-06826-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["6826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-021-06826-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-4477","1434-4726"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0937-4477"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1434-4726"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}