{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T23:50:38Z","timestamp":1786578638129,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Science and Technology Program Projects of Fujian Province","award":["2020CXB044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CXB044"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019J01624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019J01624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-06851-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T19:33:05Z","timestamp":1620156785000},"page":"1787-1794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Primary external auditory canal cholesteatoma of 301 ears: a single-center study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"279","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4888-3864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanwen","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rifu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyun","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangbin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongshou","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"6851_CR1","first-page":"811","volume":"11","author":"J Toynbee","year":"1850","unstructured":"Toynbee J (1850) Specimens of molluscum contagiosum developed in the external auditory meatus. Lond Med Gaz 11:811","journal-title":"Lond Med Gaz"},{"issue":"3","key":"6851_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.5540900303","volume":"90","author":"JC Piepergerdes","year":"1980","unstructured":"Piepergerdes JC, Kramer BM, Behnke EE (1980) Keratosis obturans and external auditory canal cholesteatoma. Laryngoscope 90(3):383\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.5540900303","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"6","key":"6851_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1097\/mao.0000000000001079","volume":"37","author":"M Konishi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Konishi M, Iwai H, Tomoda K (2016) Reexamination of etiology and surgical outcome in patient with advanced external auditory canal cholesteatoma. Otol Neurotol 37(6):728\u2013734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mao.0000000000001079","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6851_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000157847.70907.42","volume":"115","author":"R Naim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Naim R, Linthicum F Jr, Shen T, Bran G, Hormann K (2005) Classification of the external auditory canal cholesteatoma. Laryngoscope 115(3):455\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.mlg.0000157847.70907.42","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"6","key":"6851_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215118000750","volume":"132","author":"J Hertz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hertz J, Siim C (2018) External auditory canal cholesteatoma and benign necrotising otitis externa: clinical study of 95 cases in the Capital Region of Denmark. J Laryngol Otol 132(6):514\u2013518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022215118000750","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6851_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1933.03580060175003","volume":"18","author":"LD Greene","year":"1933","unstructured":"Greene LD (1933) Cholesteatoma-like accumulations in the external auditory meatus. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 18(2):161\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archotol.1933.03580060175003","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"6851_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198201000-00016","volume":"92","author":"PF Anthony","year":"1982","unstructured":"Anthony PF, Anthony WP (1982) Surgical treatment of external auditory canal cholesteatoma. Laryngoscope 92(1):70\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1288\/00005537-198201000-00016","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"1","key":"6851_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6815-6-16","volume":"6","author":"HH Owen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Owen HH, Rosborg J, Gaihede M (2006) Cholesteatoma of the external ear canal: etiological factors, symptoms and clinical findings in a series of 48 cases. BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord 6(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6815-6-16","journal-title":"BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"6851_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200203000-00028","volume":"21","author":"J Vrabec","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vrabec J, Chaljub G (2000) External canal cholesteatoma. Am J Otol 21(5):608\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00129492-200203000-00028","journal-title":"Am J Otol"},{"issue":"7","key":"6851_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1097\/MAo.0b013e318185fb20","volume":"29","author":"P Dubach","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dubach P, H\u00e4usler R (2008) External auditory canal cholesteatoma: reassessment of and amendments to its categorization, pathogenesis, and treatment in 34 patients. Otol Neurotol 29(7):941\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MAo.0b013e318185fb20","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6851_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e32833da84e","volume":"18","author":"P Dubach","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dubach P, Mantokoudis G, Caversaccio M (2010) Ear canal cholesteatoma: meta-analysis of clinical characteristics with update on classification, staging and treatment. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 18(5):369\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MOO.0b013e32833da84e","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"6851_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1026","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001972","volume":"39","author":"U Hn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hn U, Prasad SC, Russo A, Grinblat G, Sanna M (2018) Cholesteatoma of the external auditory canal: review of staging and surgical strategy. Otol Neurotol 39(10):e1026-1033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001972","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6851_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199206000-00004","volume":"102","author":"JJ Holt","year":"1992","unstructured":"Holt JJ (1992) Ear canal cholesteatoma. Laryngoscope 102(6):608\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1288\/00005537-199206000-00004","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"1","key":"6851_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3342\/ceo.2010.3.1.24","volume":"3","author":"SH Shin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shin SH, Shim JH, Lee HK (2010) Classification of external auditory canal cholesteatoma by computed tomography. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 3(1):24\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3342\/ceo.2010.3.1.24","journal-title":"Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6851_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-011-1676-x","volume":"269","author":"J Chang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chang J, Choi J, Im GJ, Jung HH (2012) Dilute vinegar therapy for the management of spontaneous external auditory canal cholesteatoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 269(2):481\u2013485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-011-1676-x","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6851_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(95)70103-6","volume":"113","author":"Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium","year":"1995","unstructured":"Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium (1995) Committee on hearing and equilibrium guidelines for the evaluation of results of treatment of conductive hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 113(3):186\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0194-5998(95)70103-6","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"6851_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200405000-00035","volume":"25","author":"R Naim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Naim R, Linthicum FH (2004) External auditory canal cholesteatoma. Otol Neurotol 25(3):412\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00129492-200405000-00035","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6851_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2273.2004.00898.x","volume":"29","author":"RA Persaud","year":"2004","unstructured":"Persaud RA, Hajiof D, Hevasagayam MS, Wareing MJ, Wright A (2004) Keratosis obturans and external ear canal cholesteatoma: how and why we should distinguish between these conditions. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 29(6):577\u2013581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2273.2004.00898.x","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6851_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e318277a5c8","volume":"34","author":"A Shinnabe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shinnabe A, Hara M, Hasegawa M, Matsuzawa S, Kanazawa H, Yoshida N, Iino Y (2013) A comparison of patterns of disease extension in keratosis obturans and external auditory canal cholesteatoma. Otol Neurotol 34(1):91\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MAO.0b013e318277a5c8","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6851_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599814559384","volume":"152","author":"SY Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park SY, Jung YH, Oh JH (2015) Clinical characteristics of keratosis obturans and external auditory canal cholesteatoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 152(2):326\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0194599814559384","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"6851_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-013-2820-6","volume":"271","author":"CW Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim CW, Baek SH, Lee SH, Kim GW, Cho BK (2014) Clinical characteristics of spontaneous cholesteatoma of the external auditory canal in children comparing with cholesteatoma in adults. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 271(12):3179\u20133185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-013-2820-6","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6851_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-997686","volume":"74","author":"K Jahnke","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jahnke K, Lieberum B (1995) Surgery of cholesteatoma of the ear canal. Laryngorhinootologie 74(1):46\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-997686","journal-title":"Laryngorhinootologie"},{"issue":"7","key":"6851_CR23","first-page":"269","volume":"95","author":"E Sakalli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sakalli E, Kaya D, Celikyurt C, Erdurak SC (2016) Clinical characteristics and follow-up of patients with external ear canal cholesteatoma treated conservatively. Ear Nose Throat J 95(7):269\u2013273","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"issue":"7","key":"6851_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2020.1772505","volume":"140","author":"GW He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He GW, Zhu ZS, Xiao WH et al (2020) Cholesteatoma debridement for primary external auditory canal cholesteatoma with non-extensive bone erosion. Acta Otolaryngol 140(7):1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00016489.2020.1772505","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6851_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2009.10.035","volume":"142","author":"EA Darr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Darr EA, Linstrom CJ (2010) Conservative management of advanced external auditory canal cholesteatoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 142(2):278\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otohns.2009.10.035","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"6851_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.11.027","volume":"135","author":"FP Lee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee FP (2006) Pigmented nevus of the external auditory canal. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 135(1):124\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.11.027","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"6851_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1067\/j.cpradiol.2015.05.001","volume":"44","author":"A Chawla","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chawla A, Ezhil Bosco J, Lim T, Shenoy J, Krishnan V (2015) Computed tomography features of external auditory canal cholesteatoma: a pictorial review. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 44(6):511\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/j.cpradiol.2015.05.001","journal-title":"Curr Probl Diagn Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6851_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001659","volume":"39","author":"S Morita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morita S, Nakamaru Y, Fukuda A, Fujiwara K, Hoshino K, Homma A (2018) Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes for patients with external auditory canal cholesteatoma. Otol Neurotol 39(2):189\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001659","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6851_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-200304000-00014","volume":"24","author":"ME Heilbrun","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heilbrun ME, Salzman KL, Glastonbury CM, Harnsberger HR, Kennedy RJ, Shelton C (2003) External auditory canal cholesteatoma: clinical and imaging spectrum. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24(4):751\u2013756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00002093-200304000-00014","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6851_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5152\/iao.2017.2342","volume":"13","author":"KY Ho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ho KY, Huang TY, Tsai SM, Wang HM, Chien CY, Chang NC (2017) Surgical treatment of external auditory canal cholesteatoma-ten years of clinical experience. J Int Adv Otol 13(1):9\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/iao.2017.2342","journal-title":"J Int Adv Otol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6851_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200103000-00002","volume":"22","author":"SH Selesnick","year":"2001","unstructured":"Selesnick SH, Lynn-Macrae AG (2001) The incidence of facial nerve dehiscence at surgery for cholesteatoma. Otol Neurotol 22(2):129\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00129492-200103000-00002","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6851_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949510400609","volume":"104","author":"Y Uno","year":"1995","unstructured":"Uno Y, Saito R (1995) Bone resorption in human cholesteatoma: morphological study with scanning electron microscopy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 104(6):463\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000348949510400609","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6851_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-019-01755-2","volume":"72","author":"P Dhingra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dhingra P, Pusalkar AG (2019) Spontaneous external auditory canal cholesteatoma: case series and review of literature. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 72(1):86\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12070-019-01755-2","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"}],"container-title":["European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00405-021-06851-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00405-021-06851-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00405-021-06851-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T18:37:30Z","timestamp":1647542250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00405-021-06851-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["6851"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-021-06851-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-4477","1434-4726"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-4477","type":"print"},{"value":"1434-4726","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent waived because this is a retrospective study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Approval IRB approval was obtained.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Institutional Review Board (IRB)"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in the studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}