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We sought to identify anatomical and radiological measurements as well as modifications that predict the lateral limits of visualization and surgical access after this procedure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven cadaver heads were imaged with computed tomography scan. The distance from midline to the medial orbital wall (MOWD), midline to the lateral end of the frontal sinus (MLD), the sum of MLDs (SMLD), interorbital distance (IOD) and the shortest anteroposterior distance of the frontal recess (APD) were utilized. The ratios MLD\/MOWD, and SMLD\/IOD were calculated. The same distances were measured on 41 CT scans. Orbital transposition (OT) and partial resection of the piriform aperture (PAR) were performed; the visualization and reach were assessed. The angle of insertion was measured before and after the modifications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Only the ratio MLD\/MOWD was consistently predictive of access to the lateral, superior and posterior wall of the frontal sinus. Following the modifications, a visualization of 100% laterally was achieved with the 30- and 45\u00a0degree endoscopes and every lateral recess could be reached with the 70\u00a0degree suction. A mean increase of the angle of insertion of 25.3 and 59.6% was recorded after OT and PAR, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IOD rather than APD defines the limits of the Draf III approach to the lateral frontal sinus and MLD\/MOWD ratio can serve as a useful preoperative tool. Along to the already described OT, PAR increases visualization and reach of the lateral frontal sinus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07323-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T13:02:53Z","timestamp":1646830973000},"page":"4969-4976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Defining the limits and indications of the Draf III endoscopic approach to the lateral frontal sinus and maximizing visualization and maneuverability: a cadaveric and radiological study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"279","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9106-0428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efstathios","family":"Papatsoutsos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aristotelis","family":"Kalyvas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Drosos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleftherios","family":"Neromyliotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Koutsarnakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spyridon","family":"Komaitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Chatzinakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Stranjalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Georgalas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"7323_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-1810(10)80087-9","volume":"2","author":"W Draf","year":"1991","unstructured":"Draf W (1991) Endonasal micro-endoscopic frontal sinus surgery: the fulda concept. 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The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}