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We present an accuracy evaluation of our system in ex-vivo testing.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Eleven drilling experiments were performed on four cadaveric temporal bone specimens. The process involved preoperative imaging after affixing the reference frame to the skull, planning of a safe trajectory preserving relevant anatomical structures, customization of the surgical template, execution of the guided drilling and postoperative imaging for determination of the drilling accuracy. Deviation between the drilled and desired trajectories was measured at different depths.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All drilling experiments were successfully performed. Other than purposely sacrificing the chorda tympani in one experiment, no other relevant anatomy, such as facial nerve, chorda tympani, ossicles or external auditory canal were harmed. Deviation between the desired and achieved path was found to be 0.25\u2009\u00b1\u20090.16\u00a0mm at skulls\u2019 surface and 0.51\u2009\u00b1\u20090.35\u00a0mm at the target level. The closest distance of the drilled trajectories\u2019 outer circumference to the facial nerve was 0.44\u00a0mm.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We demonstrated the usability for drilling to the middle ear on human cadaveric specimen in a pre-clinical setting. Accuracy proved to be suitable for many applications such as procedures within the field of image-guided neurosurgery. Promising approaches to reach sufficient submillimetre accuracy for CI surgery have been outlined.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-023-07925-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T10:23:20Z","timestamp":1680517400000},"page":"4371-4379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Drilling accuracy evaluation of a mouldable surgical targeting system for minimally invasive access to anatomic targets in the temporal bone"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"280","author":[{"given":"Lena","family":"Geiger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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