{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T18:11:57Z","timestamp":1770142317281,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687219200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020132","name":"Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020132","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002957","name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To compare retronasal and orthonasal perception in parosmic COVID-19 patients, in order to determine whether COVID-19 has a differential effect on these functions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Using the Sniffin Sticks test battery orthonasal function was examined for odor threshold, discrimination and identification. Retronasal function was assessed using 20 tasteless aromatized powders. Gustatory function was measured using the Taste Strips test.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study included 177 patients (127 women, 50 men; mean age 45\u00a0years), of whom 127 (72%) were hyposmic and 50 (28%) normosmic. Compared to patients without parosmia, parosmic patients performed worse in odor identification for both orthonasal (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094.94, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03) and retronasal tests (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200911.95, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). However, an interaction effect between route of odor identification (orthonasal or retronasal) and parosmia status was found (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094.67, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03): patients with parosmia had relatively lower retronasal scores than patients without parosmia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our results suggest that COVID-19 may affect the olfactory mucosa differently along the anterior\u2013posterior axis, thereby possibly contributing to the pathophysiology of parosmia. Patients with parosmia also exhibit a higher degree of impairment when odors are presented through the retronasal route during eating and drinking.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-023-08072-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T13:02:23Z","timestamp":1687266143000},"page":"4933-4938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Orthonasal and retronasal odor identification in patients with parosmia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"280","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4551-9995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shubin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Boscolo-Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Uderzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Tirelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Whitcroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"8072_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29286","volume":"131","author":"J Saniasiaya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saniasiaya J, Islam MA, Abdullah B (2021) Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis of 27,492 patients. Laryngoscope 131(4):865\u2013878","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"1","key":"8072_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30453","volume":"133","author":"D Stankevice","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stankevice D, Fjaeldstad AW, Agergaard J, Ovesen T (2023) Long-Term COVID-19 smell and taste disorders differ significantly from other post-infectious cases. Laryngoscope 133(1):169\u2013174","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"2","key":"8072_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-021-02630-9","volume":"74","author":"RA Rashid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rashid RA, Alaqeedy AA, Al-Ani RM (2022) Parosmia due to COVID-19 disease: a 268 case series. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 74(2):2970\u20132977","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"8072_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bjab046","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjab046","volume":"46","author":"R Pellegrino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pellegrino R, Mainland JD, Kelly CE, Parker JK, Hummel T (2021) Prevalence and correlates of parosmia and phantosmia among smell disorders. Chem Senses 46:bjab046","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"9","key":"8072_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256998","volume":"16","author":"DL Burges Watson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burges Watson DL, Campbell M, Hopkins C, Smith B, Kelly C, Deary V (2021) Altered smell and taste: anosmia, parosmia and the impact of long Covid-19. PLoS ONE 16(9):e0256998","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"8072_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-004-0796-y","volume":"262","author":"J Frasnelli","year":"2005","unstructured":"Frasnelli J, Hummel T (2005) Olfactory dysfunction and daily life. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Head Neck 262:231\u2013235","journal-title":"Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Head Neck"},{"issue":"2","key":"8072_CR7","first-page":"164","volume":"59","author":"LQ Zou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zou LQ, Hummel T, Otte MS, Bitter T, Besser G, Mueller CA, Haehner A (2021) Association between olfactory function and quality of life in patients with olfactory disorders: a multicenter study in over 760 participants. Rhinology 59(2):164\u2013172","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"issue":"12","key":"8072_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29070","volume":"130","author":"S Negoias","year":"2020","unstructured":"Negoias S, Meves B, Zang Y, Haehner A, Hummel T (2020) Characteristics of olfactory disorder with and without reported flavor loss. Laryngoscope 130(12):2869\u20132873","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"4","key":"8072_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e318161e53a","volume":"118","author":"A Soter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Soter A, Kim J, Jackman A, Tourbier I, Kaul A, Doty RL (2008) Accuracy of self-report in detecting taste dysfunction. Laryngoscope 118(4):611\u2013617","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"2","key":"8072_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E324","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28698","volume":"131","author":"A Yoshino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yoshino A, Goektas G, Mahmut MK, Zhu Y, Goektas O, Komachi T, Hummel T (2021) A new method for assessment of retronasal olfactory function. Laryngoscope 131(2):E324\u2013E330","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"4","key":"8072_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.07.022","volume":"47","author":"DM Small","year":"2005","unstructured":"Small DM, Gerber JC, Mak YE, Hummel T (2005) Differential neural responses evoked by orthonasal versus retronasal odorant perception in humans. Neuron 47(4):593\u2013605","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"5","key":"8072_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1991.01870170065015","volume":"117","author":"DA Deems","year":"1991","unstructured":"Deems DA, Doty RL, Settle RG, Moore-Gillon V, Shaman P, Mester AF, Snow JB (1991) Smell and taste disorders, a study of 750 patients from the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 117(5):519\u2013528","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"8072_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2021.3993","volume":"148","author":"P Boscolo-Rizzo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boscolo-Rizzo P, Hummel T, Hopkins C, D\u2019Alessandro A, Menini A, Dibattista M, Tirelli G (2022) Comprehensive chemosensory psychophysical evaluation of self-reported gustatory dysfunction in patients with long-term COVID-19: a cross-sectional study. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 148(3):281\u2013282","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"8072_CR14","first-page":"222","volume":"34","author":"G Kobal","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kobal G, Hummel TH, Sekinger B, Barz S, Roscher S, Wolf S (1996) \u201cSniffin\u2019 sticks\u201d: screening of olfactory performance. Rhinology 34(4):222\u2013226","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"8072_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-0088-y","volume":"256","author":"BN Landis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Landis BN, Welge-Luessen A, Br\u00e4merson A, Bende M, Mueller CA, Nordin S, Hummel T (2009) \u201cTaste Strips\u201d\u2014a rapid, lateralized, gustatory bedside identification test based on impregnated filter papers. J Neurol 256:242\u2013248","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"8072_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-018-5248-1","volume":"276","author":"A Oleszkiewicz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oleszkiewicz A, Schriever VA, Croy I, H\u00e4hner A, Hummel T (2019) Updated Sniffin\u2019 sticks normative data based on an extended sample of 9139 subjects. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 276:719\u2013728","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"8072_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-006-0157-0","volume":"264","author":"J Reden","year":"2007","unstructured":"Reden J, Maroldt H, Fritz A, Zahnert T, Hummel T (2007) A study on the prognostic significance of qualitative olfactory dysfunction. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 264:139\u2013144","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8072_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07574-6","volume":"280","author":"R Sekine","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sekine R, Menzel S, H\u00e4hner A, Mori E, Hummel T (2023) Assessment of postviral qualitative olfactory dysfunction using the short SSParoT in patients with and without parosmia. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 280(1):469\u2013472","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"8072_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.01.20.22269490","author":"A Tognetti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tognetti A, Thunell E, Olsson MJ, Greilert N, Havervall S, Th\u00e5lin C, Lundstr\u00f6m JN (2022) High prevalence of olfactory disorders 18 months after contracting COVID-19. Otolaryngology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.01.20.22269490","journal-title":"Otolaryngology"},{"key":"8072_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boscolo\u2010Rizzo P, Hopkins C, Menini A, Dibattista M, Cancellieri, E, Gardenal N, Tirelli G (2022) Parosmia assessment with structured questions and its functional impact in patients with long\u2010term COVID\u201019-related olfactory dysfunction. In: International forum of allergy and rhinology. Wiley-Blackwell","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23054"},{"issue":"3","key":"8072_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"BP Halpern","year":"2004","unstructured":"Halpern BP (2004) Retronasal and orthonasal smelling. ChemoSense 6(3):1\u20137","journal-title":"ChemoSense"},{"key":"8072_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s12078-016-9217-z","volume":"10","author":"T Hummel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hummel T, Seo HS, Pellegrino R, Heilmann S (2017) Electro-olfactograms in humans in response to ortho-and retronasal chemosensory stimulation. Chemosens Percept 10:114\u2013118","journal-title":"Chemosens Percept"},{"issue":"8","key":"8072_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.124.8.861","volume":"124","author":"F F\u00e9ron","year":"1998","unstructured":"F\u00e9ron F, Perry C, McGrath JJ, Mackay-Sim A (1998) New techniques for biopsy and culture of human olfactory epithelial neurons. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 124(8):861\u2013866","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"8072_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25325","volume":"530","author":"M Fitzek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fitzek M, Patel PK, Solomon PD, Lin B, Hummel T, Schwob JE, Holbrook EH (2022) Integrated age-related immunohistological changes occur in human olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 530(12):2154\u20132175","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8072_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.56.1.46","volume":"56","author":"MM Mozell","year":"1970","unstructured":"Mozell MM (1970) Evidence for a chromatographic model of olfaction. J Gen Physiol 56(1):46\u201363","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"8072_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjh033","volume":"29","author":"K Zhao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhao K, Scherer PW, Hajiloo SA, Dalton P (2004) Effect of anatomy on human nasal air flow and odorant transport patterns: implications for olfaction. Chem Senses 29(5):365\u2013379","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"10","key":"8072_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-06687-8","volume":"278","author":"A Yoshino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yoshino A, Pellegrino R, Luckett CR, Hummel T (2021) Validation study of a novel approach for assessment of retronasal olfactory function with combination of odor thresholds and identification. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 278(10):3847\u20133856","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8072_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-022-00112-9","volume":"2","author":"JK Parker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Parker JK, Kelly CE, Gane SB (2022) Insights into the molecular triggers of parosmia based on gas chromatography olfactometry. Commun Med 2(1):58","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"key":"8072_CR29","unstructured":"Overbeck C (2022) Vergleich olfaktorischer Parameter bei Patienten mit und ohne Parosmie. In: Medical Faculty Gustav Carl Carus. Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden: Dresden, Germany"},{"key":"8072_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-008-0931-x","volume":"228","author":"M Czerny","year":"2008","unstructured":"Czerny M, Christlbauer M, Christlbauer M, Fischer A, Granvogl M, Hammer M, Schieberle P (2008) Re-investigation on odour thresholds of key food aroma compounds and development of an aroma language based on odour qualities of defined aqueous odorant solutions. Eur Food Res Technol 228:265\u2013273","journal-title":"Eur Food Res Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"8072_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.134.6.621","volume":"134","author":"A Haehner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Haehner A, Rodewald A, Gerber JC, Hummel T (2008) Correlation of olfactory function with changes in the volume of the human olfactory bulb. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 134(6):621\u2013624","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"8072_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/27.7.611","volume":"27","author":"D Leopold","year":"2002","unstructured":"Leopold D (2002) Distortion of olfactory perception: diagnosis and treatment. Chem Senses 27(7):611\u2013615","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"5","key":"8072_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07781-1","volume":"280","author":"S Menzel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Menzel S, Haehner A, Woosch D, Marquardt B, Ressel C, Draf J, Hummel T (2022) Parosmia as a predictor of a better olfactory function in COVID-19: a multicentric longitudinal study for upper respiratory tract infections. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 280(5):2331\u20132340","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8072_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s40136-023-00441-w","volume":"11","author":"A Altundag","year":"2023","unstructured":"Altundag A (2023) Parosmia and phantosmia: managing quality disorders. Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep 11(1):19\u201326","journal-title":"Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"8072_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22929","volume":"12","author":"ZM Patel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patel ZM, Holbrook EH, Turner JH et al (2022) International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction [C]. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 12(4):327\u2013680","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"}],"container-title":["European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00405-023-08072-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00405-023-08072-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00405-023-08072-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T07:35:13Z","timestamp":1696836913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00405-023-08072-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["8072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-023-08072-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-4477","1434-4726"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-4477","type":"print"},{"value":"1434-4726","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 March 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}