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Many management guidelines have been proposed, all of which are a product of retrospective analyses due to the nature of this pathology, as large-scale double-blind studies are impossible\u2014even unethical\u2014to conduct. The purpose of this review is to perform a thorough analysis and comparison of every treatment plan available and establish guidelines for the best possible outcome in accordance to every parameter studied. Given the extensive heterogeneity of information and the multitude of studies on this topic, along with the comparison of various treatment options, we opted for a literature review as our research approach.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A review of the literature was performed using PubMed Database and search terms included \u201cposterior epistaxis\u201d, \u201ctreatment\u201d, \u201cmanagement\u201d, \u201cguidelines\u201d, \u201calgorithm\u201d \u201cnasal packing\u201d, \u201cposterior packing\u201d, \u201csurgery\u201d, \u201cSPA ligation\u201d, \u201cembolization\u201d, \u201crisk factors\u201d or a combination of the above.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Initial patients\u2019 assessment invariably results in most cases in posterior packing. There seems to be a superiority in recent literature of early surgery over nasal packing as a definitive treatment. Embolization is usually used after surgery failure, except for specific occasions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Despite the vast heterogeneity of information, there seems to be a need for re-evaluation of the well-established treatment plans according to more recent studies.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-023-08310-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T16:02:20Z","timestamp":1701360140000},"page":"1613-1627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Posterior epistaxis management: review of the literature and proposed guidelines of the hellenic rhinological-facial plastic surgery society"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"281","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8775-4005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Koskinas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timoleon","family":"Terzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Georgalas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Chatzikas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Moireas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aristidis","family":"Chrysovergis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanos","family":"Triaridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jannis","family":"Constantinidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petros","family":"Karkos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"8310_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-016-4381-y","volume":"274","author":"F Sireci","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sireci F, Speciale R, Sorrentino R, Turri-Zanoni M, Nicolotti M, Canevari FR (2017) Nasal packing in sphenopalatine artery bleeding: therapeutic or harmful? 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This study presents a meticulous and thorough literature review, encompassing the latest articles on posterior epistaxis, ultimately leading to the creation and proposal of up-to-date guidelines for its optimal management.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}