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The airflow changes into the frontal sinus and frontal recess after Draf were analyzed by Fluent software under a steady state and quiet inspiratory state. Nasal irrigation after Draf in adults with well-developed frontal sinus was simulated using 120\u00a0mL saline at a rate of 12\u00a0mL\/s in a position at 45\u00b0 to observe the changes in transient flow distribution.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The moderately developed type of the frontal sinus was the most common. The airflow patterns in the frontal sinus and frontal recess in the moderate development group were laminar, while several large vortexes were formed between the frontal sinus and frontal recess in the well-development group. The Draf exerted more significant effects on the patterns, pressure, and velocity of the airflow in the frontal sinus and frontal recess in the well development group than in the moderate development group. The volume fraction of saline in the frontal sinus increased significantly from Draf1 to Draf3, and the time required for a complete infiltration of saline in the frontal sinus mucosa was significantly reduced.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Draf1\u20133 has different effects on the airflow field of the frontal sinus with different developmental types; and Draf1\u20133 can significantly improve the postoperative flushing of the frontal sinus.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-023-08433-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T16:02:41Z","timestamp":1704729761000},"page":"2463-2475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["CT analysis of frontal recess air cell and fluid dynamics simulation of frontal sinus in people with different frontal sinus development after Draf1\u20133 surgery"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"281","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6970-0643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengru","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weijia","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yubing","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fuquan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"8433_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2012.03.002","volume":"181","author":"O Abouali","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abouali O, Keshavarzian E, Farhadi Ghalati P, Faramarzi A, Ahmadi G, Bagheri MH (2012) Micro and nanoparticle deposition in human nasal passage pre and post virtual maxillary sinus endoscopic surgery. 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