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Any study describing audiometric or vestibular data and pharmacologic treatment in patients with CS was included. Due to limited literature, only case reports\/case series were included.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Seventy case reports or case series studies comprising 79 individual cases of CS were included. A difference in vestibular symptoms with a higher prevalence in the steroid-resistant group than the steroid-responsive group was found (79.5% vs 57.9%, p\u2009=\u20090.04). Eighteen (60.0%) patients treated only with oral steroids had no audiological improvement, while twelve (n\u2009=\u200912; 85.7%) patients treated with biologic DMARD showed audiological improvement. The steroid-responsive group had an overall better response to DMARDs than the steroid-resistant group (62.1% vs 45.0%; 100.0% vs 77.8%).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our study synthesized the available literature to better characterize steroid resistance in patients with Cogan syndrome and treatment outcomes. Vestibular symptoms were noted to be more prevalent in patients who were eventually labeled as steroid resistant. There were higher rates of audiological improvement in patients given biologic DMARDs rather than conventional DMARDs or steroids only. Further studies are needed to characterize each individual vestibular symptom and investigate the utility and timing of biologic DMARDs in managing patients with Cogan syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-024-08878-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T06:17:20Z","timestamp":1723011440000},"page":"23-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Audiovestibular outcomes in adult patients with cogan syndrome: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"282","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7961-6112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro R.","family":"Marrero-Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celine","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaun A.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth S.","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habib G.","family":"Rizk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"8878_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1945.00890140064007","volume":"33","author":"DG Cogan","year":"1945","unstructured":"Cogan DG (1945) Syndrome of nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis and vestibuloauditory symptoms. 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