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Nevertheless, there is an ongoing debate about the most effective OT regimen. We aimed to compare the effects of OT with 7 items (rose, lemon, eucalyptus, cloves, stewed apple, balm, mint) to 4-item-OT (rose, lemon, eucalyptus, cloves) over 3 months.\u00a0Methods:\u00a0Participants were 40 patients with olfactory dysfunction receiving 4-item-OT or 7-item-OT and 60 gender- and age-matched individuals with normal sense of smell receiving no OT, 4-item-OT, or 7-item-OT. Before and after the OT we assessed n-butanol odor thresholds, discrimination, and identification (TDI score), additionalthresholds for (R)-(-)-carvone, \u03b2-damascenone, salicyclic acid benzylester, the degree of phantosmia and parosmia, cognitive function, and ratings of olfactory function.\u00a0Results: In both patient groups, the TDI score increased with the use of OT, regardless of the number of odors used (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; 3.48\u2009\u00b1\u20094.21 and lower than control groups). The clinically significant increase of 5.5 points in TDI score correlated with change of ratings of parosmia (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> 0.62; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and with ratings of olfactory dysfunction (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.51; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Conclusion:\u00a0Concluding, OT over a 3-months period with 4 or 7 odors appears to produce similar results, although the sample size has to be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-024-08930-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T20:19:14Z","timestamp":1725653954000},"page":"6445-6458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Four odorants for olfactory training are enough: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"281","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6036-7574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Power Guerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emely","family":"Kruschwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dietmar","family":"Krautwurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"bjaa081","key":"8930_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"46","author":"RC Gerkin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gerkin RC, Ohla K, Veldhuizen MG, Joseph PV, Kelly CE, Bakke AJ et al (2021) Recent smell loss is the best predictor of COVID-19 among individuals with recent respiratory symptoms. 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