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This condition can also worsen treatment outcomes in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients, who are susceptible to swallowing difficulties. This study aimed to establish the correlation between swallowing muscle mass (SwMM) and SMM in HNC patients.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Data from 157 HNC patients in the OncoLifeS biobank of the University Medical Center Groningen were analyzed using pre-treatment neck CT scans. The SwMM was assessed by the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the tongue complex muscles (TCM), and SMM was indicated by the skeletal muscle index (SMI), calculated from corrected CSA at the third lumbar vertebra (L3). Correlations between SwMM and SMM were analyzed using Pearson or Spearman tests, and multivariable linear regression with SMI as dependent variable was performed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>SwMM was moderately correlated with SMI (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.600, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), CSA at C3 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.538, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and CSA at L3 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.651, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The CSA at C3 strongly correlated with SMI (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.871, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In multivariable regression analysis, age, sex, and weight were strong predictors of SMI, while the TCM area was a less robust predictor (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.059). Models with CSA at C3 and L3 showed all variables as significant predictors (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Although SwMM was significantly correlated with SMI and holds clinical utility, it is not strong enough to be considered interchangeably with C3 for predicting SMI, suggesting that swallowing muscles represent a different entity than skeletal muscles and not reflect accurately the general muscle mass.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-025-09207-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T19:19:07Z","timestamp":1737832747000},"page":"3173-3182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Unveiling the relation between swallowing muscle mass and skeletal muscle mass in head and neck cancer patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"282","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7586-1671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Hurtado-Oliva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniek T.","family":"Zwart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Vister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boudewijn E. 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Therefore, the study have been approved by the appropriate ethics committee and have been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. All patients provided written informed consent for the participation in OncoLifeS.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Javier Hurtado-Oliva declared receiving grant support from the Department of Human Capital Development, Chilean National Scholarship Program for Graduate Studies, of the National Agency of Research and Development (ANID), Government of Chili. Scholarship ID 72210512. Lucy N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Miranda, Aniek T. Zwart, Jeroen Vister, Boudewijn E.C. Plaat, Roel J.H.M. Steenbakkers, Anouk van der Hoorn, Inge Wegner, and Gyorgy B. Halmos declare that they have no conflict of interest related to this work.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}