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The present study aimed to analyze the potential effects of non-invasive, high-frequency transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation (TA-VNS) on olfactory function in patients with olfactory dysfunction (OD) and healthy individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients with post-COVID-19 associated OD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910) and normosmic individuals (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200930) performed olfactory testing (Sniffin` Sticks), trigeminal testing (lateralization test), attentional tests (d2 test), ratings of odor intensity and pleasantness before and after receiving a TA-VNS for 10\u00a0min. Patients with OD received only TA-VNS while normosmic subjects underwent, in addition to TA-VNS, placebo stimulation (control condition) with electrode placement of TA-VNS, and active-control transcutaneous stimulation at the forearm in a randomized order with a minimum 24-h interval between sessions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In patients with OD intensity ratings for fish and pleasantness ratings for eucalyptol increased and olfactory discrimination improved (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017) as opposed to olfactory threshold (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.18). For both, patients with OD and healthy individuals results of the d2 attention test improved following the TA-VNS. In healthy individuals, there were no differences in olfactory discrimination nor threshold regarding the 3 stimulation modalities (TA-VNS, placebo (control condition), transcutaneous stimulation).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results seem to underline the functional connection of the olfactory system with the afferent vagus network. However, a ceiling effect for olfactory discrimination did not allow to observe a possible improvement in normosmic individuals. Further studies in patients with OD are needed to characterize this potential therapeutic effect of TA-VNS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-025-09701-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T20:49:09Z","timestamp":1760820549000},"page":"6269-6280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Improved olfactory function following high-frequency transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation in post-COVID-19 patients with olfactory dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"282","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7650-1731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Weise","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1ria","family":"Oravcov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Hanslik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coralie","family":"Mignot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf Ozgur","family":"Cakmak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"9701_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200404000-00026","volume":"114","author":"A Br\u00e4merson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Br\u00e4merson A, Johansson L, Ek L, Nordin S, Bende M (2004) Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction: the Sk\u00f6vde population-based study. 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