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It is defined by the presence of arteriovenous malformations in the nasal mucosa, resulting in severe recurrent epistaxis. This study investigates the long-term efficacy and safety of blue light laser therapy for managing epistaxis in patients with HHT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis was conducted on 71 patients treated between 09\/2017 and 02\/2023 at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Regensburg. All patients underwent endonasal treatment using a pulsed diode laser at 445\u00a0nm as part of a structured stepwise protocol including nasal care. Of the 86 patients initially treated, 17.4% were excluded due to uncontrollable epistaxis requiring surgery under general anesthesia or concomitant medication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 351 laser treatments were administered, with no reported occurrences of nasal septal perforation. A modified Epistaxis Severity Score (ESS, range 0\u201310) decreased by an estimated mean difference of \u20130.66 (95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u20131.05, \u20130.27). Subgroup analyses revealed that patients with moderate to severe baseline ESS experienced a significant reduction of \u20131.53 (95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u20132.11, \u20130.95), achieving the minimal important difference (MID) of 0.71. Patients\u2019 satisfaction with their nasal bleeding, measured by the Numeric Rating Scale (0\u201310), improved significantly from 5.08 to 6.67 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study indicates that blue light laser therapy plus mucosal care is associated with reduced nosebleed severity, improved patient satisfaction and a favorable safety profile, supporting its use as a long-term treatment option for managing HHT in patients with mild to moderate epistaxis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-025-09919-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T20:58:23Z","timestamp":1768942703000},"page":"897-906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Long-term outcomes of blue light laser therapy for epistaxis in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia within a multimodal treatment concept"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"283","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0615-4195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Hei\u00df","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0921-7436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Bohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6660-1130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas S.","family":"K\u00fchnel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5241-2945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8425-984X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Zeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5195-0634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kornelia E. 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