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Data included demographics, socioeconomic status, etiology, and audiological outcomes. Outcomes were assessed using pure tone averages (PTA) and speech thresholds (SRT\/SDT) at seven-time points over 60 months. Predictors of early and long-term outcomes were evaluated using multivariate ANCOVA models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Jewish and Arab children had comparable demographics, but significant socioeconomic differences (399.5\u2009\u00b1\u2009378.7 vs. 110.3\u2009\u00b1\u2009181.6,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Hearing loss etiologies differed significantly: Arab children showed predominantly congenital causes (68.7%), mainly genetic (62.7%), while Jewish children had higher acquired causes (54.7%), primarily CMV-related (52.5%). PTA thresholds were significantly better in Jewish patients at 1\u20134, 25\u201336, and 49\u201360 months post-implantation (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). SRT\/SDT thresholds did not differ. Multivariate analysis identified ethnicity, younger age at surgery, primary implantation status, and etiology as significant predictors of outcomes. Socioeconomic rank was not independently associated with outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethnic differences in cochlear implant outcomes persist despite Israel\u2019s universal healthcare system, reflecting the impact of unmeasured social, cultural, and behavioral factors. These findings underscore the importance of individualized treatment strategies that consider both biological and sociocultural factors to optimize outcomes for all populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-025-09938-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T18:14:35Z","timestamp":1766427275000},"page":"2243-2251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethnic differences in etiologies and audiological outcomes of cochlear implantation in Israeli children"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"283","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6407-7983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yael","family":"Levi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanit","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rema","family":"Jbarah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salma Khoury","family":"Shoufani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0004-1024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Kaufmann Yehezkely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1675-8644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sagit","family":"Stern Shavit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"9938_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2020.109984","volume":"133","author":"SD Sharma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma SD, Cushing SL, Papsin BC, Gordon KA (2020) Hearing and speech benefits of cochlear implantation in children: a review of the literature. 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