{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T21:01:34Z","timestamp":1784667694134,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-026-10150-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T09:44:05Z","timestamp":1773654245000},"page":"4305-4312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between modifiable lifestyle factors and the incidences of sudden sensorineural hearing loss and Meniere\u2019s disease: A population-based nested case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"283","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5308-4744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Misuzu","family":"Fujita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4529-9045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kengo","family":"Nagashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1267-5913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Onouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takehiko","family":"Fujisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0867-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akira","family":"Hata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"10150_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30141","volume":"133","author":"J Sim\u00f5es","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sim\u00f5es J, Vlaminck S, Sei\u00e7a RMF, Acke F, Migu\u00e9is ACE (2023) Cardiovascular Risk and Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Laryngoscope 133:15\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.30141","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10150_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58377","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.58377","volume":"16","author":"AM Papadopoulou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Papadopoulou AM, Papouliakos S, Karkos P, Chaidas K (2024) The Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors on the Incidence, Severity, and Prognosis of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SSHL): A Systematic Review. Cureus 16:e58377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.58377","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10150_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1159\/000111048","volume":"70","author":"SN Merchant","year":"2008","unstructured":"Merchant SN, Durand ML, Adams JC (2008) Sudden deafness: is it viral? ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 70:52\u201360 discussion 60\u2009\u2013\u200952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000111048","journal-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec"},{"key":"10150_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6387","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216387","volume":"11","author":"S Yamada","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yamada S, Kita J, Shinmura D, Nakamura Y, Sahara S, Misawa K, Nakanishi H (2022) Update on Findings about Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Insight into Its Pathogenesis. J Clin Med 11:6387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11216387","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10150_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/1084713811408349","volume":"15","author":"M Kuhn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kuhn M, Heman-Ackah SE, Shaikh JA, Roehm PC (2011) Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a review of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Trends Amplif 15:91\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1084713811408349","journal-title":"Trends Amplif"},{"key":"10150_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.22480","volume":"122","author":"RJ Lin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin RJ, Krall R, Westerberg BD, Chadha NK, Chau JK (2012) Systematic review and meta-analysis of the risk factors for sudden sensorineural hearing loss in adults. Laryngoscope 122:624\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.22480","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10150_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.163","volume":"168","author":"ES Saba","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saba ES, Swisher AR, Ansari GN, Rivero A (2023) Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients With Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 168:907\u2013921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ohn.163","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10150_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000530686","volume":"29","author":"FK Oussoren","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oussoren FK, Schermer TR, van Leeuwen RB, Bruintjes TD (2024) Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Cerebral Small Vessel Disease, and Subsequent Risk of Stroke in Patients with Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of the Current Literature. Audiol Neurootol 29:1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000530686","journal-title":"Audiol Neurootol"},{"key":"10150_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(08)61161-7","volume":"372","author":"H Sajjadi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sajjadi H, Paparella MM (2008) Meniere\u2019s disease. Lancet 372:406\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(08)61161-7","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10150_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12699","volume":"1343","author":"G Ishiyama","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ishiyama G, Lopez IA, Sepahdari AR, Ishiyama A (2015) Meniere\u2019s disease: histopathology, cytochemistry, and imaging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1343:49\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.12699","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10150_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd012173","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012173.pub2","volume":"12","author":"K Hussain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hussain K, Murdin L, Schilder AG (2018) Restriction of salt, caffeine and alcohol intake for the treatment of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re\u2019s disease or syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12:Cd012173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD012173.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10150_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.07.035","volume":"99","author":"K Blazek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blazek K, van Zwieten A, Saglimbene V, Teixeira-Pinto A (2021) A practical guide to multiple imputation of missing data in nephrology. Kidney Int 99:68\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2020.07.035","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10150_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.11.010","volume":"37","author":"PC Austin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Austin PC, White IR, Lee DS, van Buuren S (2021) Missing Data in Clinical Research: A Tutorial on Multiple Imputation. Can J Cardiol 37:1322\u20131331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.11.010","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10150_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067","volume":"30","author":"IR White","year":"2011","unstructured":"White IR, Royston P, Wood AM (2011) Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice. Stat Med 30:377\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.4067","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10150_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.31024","volume":"134","author":"HY Ko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ko HY, Nam HJ, Kim MH (2024) A Nationwide Population-Based Study for the Recurrence and Comorbidities in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Laryngoscope 134:1417\u20131425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.31024","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10150_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim SY, Wee JH, Min C, Yoo DM, Choi HG (2020) Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss Associated with Nutritional Anemia: A Nested Case-Control Study Using a National Health Screening Cohort. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17186478","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186478"},{"key":"10150_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12492-y","volume":"12","author":"MH Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim MH (2022) Population-based study for the comorbidities and associated factors in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re\u2019s disease. Sci Rep 12:8266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-12492-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10150_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75404-y","volume":"10","author":"SY Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim SY, Song YS, Wee JH, Min C, Yoo DM, Choi HG (2020) Association between M\u00e9ni\u00e8re\u2019s disease and thyroid diseases: a nested case-control study. Sci Rep 10:18224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-75404-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10150_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000475875","volume":"22","author":"SG Bruderer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bruderer SG, Bodmer D, Stohler NA, Jick SS, Meier CR (2017) Population-Based Study on the Epidemiology of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re\u2019s Disease. Audiol Neurootol 22:74\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000475875","journal-title":"Audiol Neurootol"},{"key":"10150_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15166","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000015166","volume":"98","author":"WL Lin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lin WL, Chen CY, Hsu TY, Chen WK, Lin CL, Chen HC (2019) Hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for Meni\u00e8re\u2019s disease: A population-based cohort study. Med (Baltim) 98:e15166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000015166","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"10150_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim SY, Chung J, Yoo DM, Kwon MJ, Kim JH, Kim JH, Kim H, Choi HG (2022) Smoking Is Positively Related and Alcohol Consumption Is Negatively Related to an Increased Risk of Meniere\u2019s Disease. J Clin Med 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11175007","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175007"},{"key":"10150_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-014-0461-0","volume":"15","author":"P Dawes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dawes P, Cruickshanks KJ, Moore DR, Edmondson-Jones M, McCormack A, Fortnum H, Munro KJ (2014) Cigarette smoking, passive smoking, alcohol consumption, and hearing loss. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 15:663\u2013674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10162-014-0461-0","journal-title":"J Assoc Res Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10150_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty026","volume":"21","author":"H Hu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hu H, Sasaki N, Ogasawara T, Nagahama S, Akter S, Kuwahara K, Kochi T, Eguchi M, Kashino I, Murakami T, Shimizu M, Uehara A, Yamamoto M, Nakagawa T, Honda T, Yamamoto S, Hori A, Nishiura C, Okazaki H, Imai T, Nishihara A, Miyamoto T, Tomita K, Kabe I, Mizoue T, Kunugita N, Dohi S (2019) Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and the Risk of Hearing Loss: Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study. Nicotine Tob Res 21:481\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/nty026","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"10150_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87531-1","volume":"11","author":"W Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee W, Chang Y, Shin H, Ryu S (2021) Self-reported and cotinine-verified smoking and increased risk of incident hearing loss. Sci Rep 11:8103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-87531-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10150_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00423-4","volume":"22","author":"SS Hecht","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hecht SS, Hatsukami DK (2022) Smokeless tobacco and cigarette smoking: chemical mechanisms and cancer prevention. Nat Rev Cancer 22:143\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41568-021-00423-4","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"10150_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-19-0323","volume":"83","author":"T Kondo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kondo T, Nakano Y, Adachi S, Murohara T (2019) Effects of Tobacco Smoking on Cardiovascular Disease. Circ J 83:1980\u20131985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1253\/circj.CJ-19-0323","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"10150_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.126601","volume":"4","author":"F Orji","year":"2014","unstructured":"Orji F (2014) The Influence of Psychological Factors in Meniere\u2019s Disease. Ann Med Health Sci Res 4:3\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2141-9248.126601","journal-title":"Ann Med Health Sci Res"},{"key":"10150_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215115002960","volume":"130","author":"CS Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin CS, Lin YS, Liu CF, Weng SF, Lin C, Lin BS (2016) Increased risk of sudden sensorineural hearing loss in patients with depressive disorders: population-based cohort study. J Laryngol Otol 130:42\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022215115002960","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"10150_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2013.10.014","volume":"47","author":"V Kormos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kormos V, Gaszner B (2013) Role of neuropeptides in anxiety, stress, and depression: from animals to humans. Neuropeptides 47:401\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.npep.2013.10.014","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"10150_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2014.09.006","volume":"48","author":"LL Bao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bao LL, Jiang WQ, Sun FJ, Wang DX, Pan YJ, Song ZX, Wang CH, Yang J (2014) The influence of psychological stress on arginine vasopressin concentration in the human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Neuropeptides 48:361\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.npep.2014.09.006","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"10150_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-5955(99)00180-x","volume":"140","author":"T Takeda","year":"2000","unstructured":"Takeda T, Takeda S, Kitano H, Okada T, Kakigi A (2000) Endolymphatic hydrops induced by chronic administration of vasopressin. Hear Res 140:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0378-5955(99)00180-x","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"10150_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2014.902989","volume":"134","author":"Y Katagiri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Katagiri Y, Takumida M, Hirakawa K, Anniko M (2014) Long-term administration of vasopressin can cause M\u00e9ni\u00e8re\u2019s disease in mice. Acta Otolaryngol 134:990\u20131004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00016489.2014.902989","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10150_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673847","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.673847","volume":"8","author":"P Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez P, Manrique-Huarte R, Su\u00e1rez-Vega V, L\u00f3pez-Laguna N, Guajardo C, P\u00e9rez-Fern\u00e1ndez N (2021) Endolymphatic Hydrops in Fluctuating Hearing Loss and Recurrent Vertigo. Front Surg 8:673847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsurg.2021.673847","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"10150_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37209","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000037209","volume":"103","author":"S Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu S, Zhang L, Luo W (2024) Causality between alcohol usually taken with meals and Meniere disease: A 2-sample Mendelian randomization study. Med (Baltim) 103:e37209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000037209","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"10150_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.285.6357.1770","volume":"285","author":"GV Gill","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gill GV, Baylis PH, Flear CT, Skillen AW, Diggle PH (1982) Acute biochemical responses to moderate beer drinking. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 285:1770\u20131773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.285.6357.1770","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"10150_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00943.x","volume":"18","author":"MM Hirschl","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hirschl MM, Derfler K, Bieglmayer C, R\u00f6ggla H, Zeiner A, Seidler D, Laggner AN (1994) Hormonal derangements in patients with severe alcohol intoxication. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:761\u2013766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00943.x","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10150_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1097\/01.Alc.0000065433.17403.De","volume":"27","author":"WK D\u00f6ring","year":"2003","unstructured":"D\u00f6ring WK, Herzenstiel MN, Krampe H, Jahn H, Pralle L, Sieg S, Wegerle E, Poser W, Ehrenreich H (2003) Persistent alterations of vasopressin and N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide plasma levels in long-term abstinent alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27:849\u2013861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.Alc.0000065433.17403.De","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10150_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2021.4105","volume":"148","author":"I Doweck","year":"2022","unstructured":"Doweck I, Yanir Y, Najjar-Debbiny R, Shibli R, Saliba W (2022) Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 148:373\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoto.2021.4105","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"}],"container-title":["European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00405-026-10150-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00405-026-10150-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00405-026-10150-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T20:06:38Z","timestamp":1784664398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00405-026-10150-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-026-10150-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-4477","1434-4726"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-4477","type":"print"},{"value":"1434-4726","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Approval was obtained from the ethics committee of Chiba Foundation for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (approval number: R6\u20132). The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Biological Research Involving Human Subjects.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We used insurance claims and specific health checkup data stored in the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan (NDB). Provision of NDB data to third parties is permitted by the Act on Assurance of Medical Care for the Elderly People. The provided data were anonymized. In addition, there were no plans to link it with other data to identify the individuals in this study. Therefore, the ethical review committee approved that informed consent was waved.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}