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Each participants underwent a clinical anamnesis, a taste test, and a blood analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients were older (61 vs. 39 years;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and more often female (86% vs. 66%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.009). Patients had lower Taste Strips scores, and higher scores on depression (Beck Depression Index) and mood-related questionnaires (Zerssen Mood Scale; both p &lt; 0.001). Blood analyses revealed that patients had higher levels of complement C4 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.011) and calcium (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.019 ANCOVA, age-controlled). A logistic regression model including age, gender, C4, Ca, K, and transferrin predicted taste dysfunction with high accuracy (Nagelkerke R\u00b2=0.74; 91.4% correctly classified). Increased age, higher C4 and female sex were associated with higher odds of taste dysfunction, while higher potassium, transferrin levels, and salivary calcium were protective (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 0.030).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that taste dysfunction is accompanied by systemic inflammatory conditions and lower levels of electrolytes in serum may contribute to development of taste diseases. Overall, the results suggest that idiopathic dysgeusia appears to be related to metabolic imbalance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-026-10455-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T21:42:55Z","timestamp":1784497375000},"page":"6629-6636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Blood biomarkers for the prediction of idiopathic taste dysfunction: a case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"283","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3833-9707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariano","family":"Mastinu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Habiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siegfried","family":"Heckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"10455_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13849","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18255-z","volume":"12","author":"Y Otsubo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Otsubo Y, Miyagi M, Sekiya H, Kano O, Ebihara S (2022) Improving taste sensitivity in healthy adults using taste recall training: a randomized controlled trial. 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