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Longitudinal changes were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with baseline, the percentage of abnormal caloric tests remained stable in the active surveillance (57%) and surgery groups (93%), but increased significantly in the radiotherapy group (from 77% to 92%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02) at 12 months after intervention. All surgical patients showed abnormal vHIT gains one month after surgery, whereas abnormalities gradually increased in the active surveillance (33%) and radiotherapy (85%) groups. Vestibular symptoms remained stable during active surveillance, increased after radiotherapy, and decreased after surgery. At 12 months, DHI and PANQOL scores no longer differed significantly or clinically between groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Active surveillance was associated with the most stable objective and subjective vestibular function. Surgery caused immediate vestibular deterioration, whereas radiotherapy had a delayed comparable effect on mid- to long-term vestibular function. Despite baseline differences, vestibular symptoms and quality of life did not differ significantly between groups 12 months after treatment or initiation of surveillance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level II.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-026-10706-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:37:36Z","timestamp":1792467456000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of surgery, radiotherapy or surveillance on the objective vestibular function, vestibular symptoms and quality of life in vestibular schwannoma patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5981-6310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constanza","family":"Fuentealba Bassaletti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babette F.","family":"van Esch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenny","family":"van Lieshout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen C.","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radboud W.","family":"Koot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisette M.","family":"Wiltink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tjasse D.","family":"Bruintjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Paul G.","family":"van Benthem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik F.","family":"Hensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10706_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/01945998211042006","volume":"167","author":"JP Marinelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marinelli JP et al (2022) Global Incidence of Sporadic Vestibular Schwannoma: A Systematic Review. 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