{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:30:52Z","timestamp":1775197852404,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-012-0289-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,24]],"date-time":"2012-01-24T03:55:28Z","timestamp":1327377328000},"page":"459-467","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the German Armed Forces: a retrospective study in inpatients of a German army hospital"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"262","author":[{"given":"Borwin","family":"Bandelow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl-Heinz","family":"Biesold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Wedekind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Falkai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"289_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(99)00030-4","volume":"13","author":"R Acierno","year":"1999","unstructured":"Acierno R, Resnick H, Kilpatrick DG, Saunders B, Best CL (1999) Risk factors for rape, physical assault, and posttraumatic stress disorder in women: examination of differential multivariate relationships. J Anxiety Disord 13:541\u2013563","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"289_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.10.002","volume":"30","author":"TO Afifi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Afifi TO, Asmundson GJ, Taylor S, Jang KL (2010) The role of genes and environment on trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: a review of twin studies. Clin Psychol Rev 30:101\u2013112","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"289_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105059253","volume":"19","author":"DS Baldwin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ et al (2005) Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 19:567\u2013596","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"289_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/15622970802465807","volume":"9","author":"B Bandelow","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E et al (2008) World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders\u2014first revision. World J Biol Psychiatry 9:248\u2013312","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"289_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2008.12.004","volume":"33","author":"W Berger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Berger W, Mendlowicz MV, Marques-Portella C et al (2009) Pharmacologic alternatives to antidepressants in posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 33:169\u2013180","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"289_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bisson J, Andrew M (2007) Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD003388","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003388.pub3"},{"key":"289_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.171.1.78","volume":"171","author":"JI Bisson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bisson JI, Jenkins PL, Alexander J, Bannister C (1997) Randomised controlled trial of psychological debriefing for victims of acute burn trauma. Br J Psychiatry 171:78\u201381","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"289_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.2.235","volume":"150","author":"JD Bremner","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bremner JD, Southwick SM, Johnson DR, Yehuda R, Charney DS (1993) Childhood physical abuse and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. Am J Psychiatry 150:235\u2013239","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"289_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838009334448","volume":"10","author":"N Breslau","year":"2009","unstructured":"Breslau N (2009) The epidemiology of trauma, PTSD, and other posttrauma disorders. Trauma Violence Abuse 10:198\u2013210","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"289_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810270028003","volume":"48","author":"N Breslau","year":"1991","unstructured":"Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P, Peterson E (1991) Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:216\u2013222","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"289_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830130087016","volume":"54","author":"N Breslau","year":"1997","unstructured":"Breslau N, Davis GC, Peterson EL, Schultz L (1997) Psychiatric sequelae of posttraumatic stress disorder in women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:81\u201387","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"289_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2010.07.001","volume":"48","author":"N Breslau","year":"2010","unstructured":"Breslau N, Peterson EL (2010) Assaultive violence and the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder following a subsequent trauma. Behav Res Ther 48:1063\u20131066","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"289_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009457","volume":"147","author":"E Bromet","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bromet E, Sonnega A, Kessler RC (1998) Risk factors for DSM-III-R posttraumatic stress disorder: findings from the national comorbidity survey. Am J Epidemiol 147:353\u2013361","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"289_CR14","unstructured":"Bundeswehr Medical Service. www.sanitaetsdienst-bundeswehr.de"},{"key":"289_CR15","unstructured":"Bundeswehr PTSD Help Desk. www.ptbs-hilfe.de"},{"key":"289_CR16","unstructured":"Bundeswehr website. www.bundeswehr.de"},{"key":"289_CR17","first-page":"524","volume":"60","author":"DJ Butler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Butler DJ, Moffic HS, Turkal NW (1999) Post-traumatic stress reactions following motor vehicle accidents. Am Fam Physician 60:524\u2013531","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"289_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-009-0006-4","volume":"259","author":"C Catani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Catani C, Adenauer H, Keil J, Aichinger H, Neuner F (2009) Pattern of cortical activation during processing of aversive stimuli in traumatized survivors of war and torture. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 259:340\u2013351","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"289_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.3.515","volume":"161","author":"H Cohen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cohen H, Kaplan Z, Kotler M, Kouperman I, Moisa R, Grisaru N (2004) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in posttraumatic stress disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 161:515\u2013524","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"289_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(98)00068-3","volume":"46","author":"L Conlon","year":"1999","unstructured":"Conlon L, Fahy TJ, Conroy R (1999) PTSD in ambulant RTA victims: a randomized controlled trial of debriefing. J Psychosom Res 46:37\u201344","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"289_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.07.014","volume":"47","author":"JR Cougle","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cougle JR, Resnick H, Kilpatrick DG (2009) Does prior exposure to interpersonal violence increase risk of PTSD following subsequent exposure? Behav Res Ther 47:1012\u20131017","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"289_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1348\/000711200160318","volume":"73","author":"M Deahl","year":"2000","unstructured":"Deahl M, Srinivasan M, Jones N, Thomas J, Neblett C, Jolly A (2000) Preventing psychological trauma in soldiers: the role of operational stress training and psychological debriefing. Br J Med Psychol 73(Pt 1):77\u201385","journal-title":"Br J Med Psychol"},{"key":"289_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199311000-00006","volume":"181","author":"CC Engel Jr","year":"1993","unstructured":"Engel CC Jr, Engel AL, Campbell SJ, McFall ME, Russo J, Katon W (1993) Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and precombat sexual and physical abuse in Desert Storm veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis 181:683\u2013688","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"289_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799001877","volume":"30","author":"A Favaro","year":"2000","unstructured":"Favaro A, Degortes D, Colombo G, Santonastaso P (2000) The effects of trauma among kidnap victims in Sardinia, Italy. Psychol Med 30:975\u2013980","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"289_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670701449161","volume":"41","author":"D Forbes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Forbes D, Creamer M, Phelps A et al (2007) Australian guidelines for the treatment of adults with acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 41:637\u2013648","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"289_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020189425935","volume":"15","author":"SA Freedman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Freedman SA, Gluck N, Tuval-Mashiach R, Brandes D, Peri T, Shalev AY (2002) Gender differences in responses to traumatic events: a prospective study. J Trauma Stress 15:407\u2013413","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"289_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grieger TA, Cozza SJ, Ursano RJ, et al. (2006) Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in battle-injured soldiers. Am J Psychiatry 163:1777\u20131783; quiz 1860","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.10.1777"},{"key":"289_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01157-X","volume":"49","author":"C Heim","year":"2001","unstructured":"Heim C, Nemeroff CB (2001) The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies. Biol Psychiatry 49:1023\u20131039","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"289_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7070.1438","volume":"313","author":"M Hobbs","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hobbs M, Mayou R, Harrison B, Worlock P (1996) A randomised controlled trial of psychological debriefing for victims of road traffic accidents. Bmj 313:1438\u20131439","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"289_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040603","volume":"351","author":"CW Hoge","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, McGurk D, Cotting DI, Koffman RL (2004) Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. N Engl J Med 351:13\u201322","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"289_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68662-5","volume":"367","author":"M Hotopf","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hotopf M, Hull L, Fear NT et al (2006) The health of UK military personnel who deployed to the 2003 Iraq war: a cohort study. Lancet 367:1731\u20131741","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"289_CR32","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (IOM) (2008) Committee on Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: an assessment of the evidence. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC"},{"key":"289_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.03.023","volume":"35","author":"M Jakupcak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jakupcak M, Tull MT, McDermott MJ, Kaysen D, Hunt S, Simpson T (2010) PTSD symptom clusters in relationship to alcohol misuse among Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans seeking post-deployment VA health care. Addict Behav 35:840\u2013843","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"289_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.66.6.914","volume":"66","author":"TM Keane","year":"1998","unstructured":"Keane TM, Kolb LC, Kaloupek DG et al (1998) Utility of psychophysiological measurement in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder: results from a Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. J Consult Clin Psychol 66:914\u2013923","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"289_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","volume":"62","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:593\u2013602","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"289_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012","volume":"52","author":"RC Kessler","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB (1995) Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:1048\u20131060","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"289_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.64.3.520","volume":"64","author":"DW King","year":"1996","unstructured":"King DW, King LA, Foy DW, Gudanowski DM (1996) Prewar factors in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: structural equation modeling with a national sample of female and male Vietnam veterans. J Consult Clin Psychol 64:520\u2013531","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"289_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1364.020","volume":"1071","author":"KC Koenen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Koenen KC (2006) Developmental epidemiology of PTSD: self-regulation as a central mechanism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1071:255\u2013266","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"289_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koenen KC, Amstadter AB, Nugent NR (2009) Gene-environment interaction in posttraumatic stress disorder: an update. J Trauma Stress 22:416\u2013426","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20435"},{"key":"289_CR40","volume-title":"Trauma and the Vietnam war generation: report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study","author":"RA Kulka","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kulka RA, Fairbank JA, Jordan BK et al (1990) Trauma and the Vietnam war generation: report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. Brunner Mazel, New York"},{"key":"289_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linden SC, Hess V, Jones E (2011) The neurological manifestations of trauma: lessons from World War I. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. doi: 10.1007\/s00406-011-0272-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-011-0272-9"},{"key":"289_CR42","unstructured":"Maercker A (1998) Posttraumatische Stress Skala-10 (PTSS-10)\u2014deutsche Version. Modifiziert nach Sch\u00fcffel & Schade (unver\u00f6ffentlicht). Technische Universit\u00e4t, Dresden"},{"key":"289_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.8.1231","volume":"158","author":"R Mayou","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mayou R, Bryant B, Ehlers A (2001) Prediction of psychological outcomes one year after a motor vehicle accident. Am J Psychiatry 158:1231\u20131238","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"289_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.176.6.589","volume":"176","author":"RA Mayou","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mayou RA, Ehlers A, Hobbs M (2000) Psychological debriefing for road traffic accident victims. Three-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 176:589\u2013593","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"289_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.54.101601.145112","volume":"54","author":"RJ McNally","year":"2003","unstructured":"McNally RJ (2003) Progress and controversy in the study of posttraumatic stress disorder. Annu Rev Psychol 54:229\u2013252","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"289_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.6.936","volume":"152","author":"RJ McNally","year":"1995","unstructured":"McNally RJ, Shin LM (1995) Association of intelligence with severity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in Vietnam Combat veterans. Am J Psychiatry 152:936\u2013938","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"289_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.18.2141","volume":"298","author":"CS Milliken","year":"2007","unstructured":"Milliken CS, Auchterlonie JL, Hoge CW (2007) Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq war. JAMA 298:2141\u20132148","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"289_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0611","volume":"69","author":"S Mohamed","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mohamed S, Rosenheck RA (2008) Pharmacotherapy of PTSD in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs: diagnostic- and symptom-guided drug selection. J Clin Psychiatry 69:959\u2013965","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"289_CR49","unstructured":"National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2005) Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care"},{"key":"289_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.109.1.20","volume":"109","author":"P Nishith","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nishith P, Mechanic MB, Resick PA (2000) Prior interpersonal trauma: the contribution to current PTSD symptoms in female rape victims. J Abnorm Psychol 109:20\u201325","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"289_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.8.755","volume":"282","author":"CS North","year":"1999","unstructured":"North CS, Nixon SJ, Shariat S et al (1999) Psychiatric disorders among survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing. JAMA 282:755\u2013762","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"289_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2000.101001046.x","volume":"101","author":"A Perkonigg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Perkonigg A, Kessler RC, Storz S, Wittchen HU (2000) Traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: prevalence, risk factors and comorbidity. Acta Psychiatr Scand 101:46\u201359","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"289_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts NP, Kitchiner NJ, Kenardy J, Bisson J (2009) Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD006869","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006869.pub2"},{"key":"289_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799008624","volume":"29","author":"S Rose","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rose S, Brewin CR, Andrews B, Kirk M (1999) A randomized controlled trial of individual psychological debriefing for victims of violent crime. Psychol Med 29:793\u2013799","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"289_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199603000-00012","volume":"58","author":"AY Shalev","year":"1996","unstructured":"Shalev AY, Bonne O, Eth S (1996) Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a review. Psychosom Med 58:165\u2013182","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"289_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(98)00038-3","volume":"13","author":"F Shapiro","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shapiro F (1999) Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and the anxiety disorders: clinical and research implications of an integrated psychotherapy treatment. J Anxiety Disord 13:35\u201367","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"289_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.8.1229","volume":"157","author":"RR Silva","year":"2000","unstructured":"Silva RR, Alpert M, Munoz DM, Singh S, Matzner F, Dummit S (2000) Stress and vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 157:1229\u20131235","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"289_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1017\/S109285290002352X","volume":"14","author":"DJ Stein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stein DJ, Cloitre M, Nemeroff CB et al (2009) Cape Town consensus on posttraumatic stress disorder. CNS Spectr 14:52\u201358","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"289_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820160019002","volume":"50","author":"WR True","year":"1993","unstructured":"True WR, Rice J, Eisen SA et al (1993) A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:257\u2013264","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"289_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.1.3","volume":"161","author":"RJ Ursano","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ursano RJ, Bell C, Eth S et al (2004) Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 161:3\u201331","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"289_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09897-5","volume":"360","author":"AA Emmerik Van","year":"2002","unstructured":"Van Emmerik AA, Kamphuis JH, Hulsbosch AM, Emmelkamp PM (2002) Single session debriefing after psychological trauma: a meta-analysis. Lancet 360:766\u2013771","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"289_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1989.tb05255.x","volume":"355","author":"L Weisaeth","year":"1989","unstructured":"Weisaeth L (1989) Torture of a Norwegian ship\u2019s crew. The torture, stress reactions and psychiatric after-effects. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 355:63\u201372","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"289_CR63","unstructured":"Weiss DS, Marmar CR (1996) The impact of event scale\u2014revised. In: Wilson JP, Keane TM (eds) Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. Guilford, New York, pp 399\u2013411"},{"key":"289_CR64","first-page":"5","volume":"14","author":"HU Wittchen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wittchen HU, Gloster A, Beesdo K, Schonfeld S, Perkonigg A (2009) Posttraumatic stress disorder: diagnostic and epidemiological perspectives. CNS Spectr 14:5\u201312","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"289_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woon FL, Sood S, Hedges DW (2010) Hippocampal volume deficits associated with exposure to psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: a meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 34:1181\u20131188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.06.016"},{"key":"289_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48269.x","volume":"821","author":"R Yehuda","year":"1997","unstructured":"Yehuda R (1997) Sensitization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in posttraumatic stress disorder. Ann N Y Acad Sci 821:57\u201375","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"289_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.172.5.456","volume":"172","author":"P Zimmermann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zimmermann P, Biesold KH, Barre K, Lanczik M (2007) Long-term course of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in German soldiers: effects of inpatient eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy and specific trauma characteristics in patients with non-combat-related PTSD. Mil Med 172:456\u2013460","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"289_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04378blu","volume":"70","author":"J Zohar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zohar J, Fostick L, Cohen A et al (2009) Risk factors for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder following combat trauma: a semiprospective study. J Clin Psychiatry 70:1629\u20131635","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.springerlink.com\/index\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-012-0289-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,22]],"date-time":"2019-06-22T17:09:49Z","timestamp":1561223389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00406-012-0289-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,25]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]}},"alternative-id":["289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-012-0289-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-1334","1433-8491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-1334","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-8491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,25]]}}}