{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T11:07:29Z","timestamp":1784891249361,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]],"date-time":"2019-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003107","name":"Bundesministerium f?r Gesundheit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003107","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-019-00984-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]],"date-time":"2019-01-31T04:04:50Z","timestamp":1548907490000},"page":"87-105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["How effective and safe is medical cannabis as a treatment of mental disorders? A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"269","author":[{"given":"Eva","family":"Hoch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Niemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupert","family":"von Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris M.","family":"Friemel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich W.","family":"Preuss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alkomiet","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Pogarell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"984_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-3889-y","volume":"232","author":"AI Ahmed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahmed AI, van den Elsen GA, Colbers A, Kramers C, Burger DM, van der Marck MA, Olde Rikkert MG (2015) Safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of multiple oral doses of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in older persons with dementia. Psychopharmacology 232:2587\u20132595","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"984_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.3947","volume":"71","author":"DJ Allsop","year":"2014","unstructured":"Allsop DJ, Copeland J, Lintzeris N, Dunlop AJ, Montebello M, Sadler C, Rivas GR, Holland RM, Muhleisen P, Norberg MM, Booth J, McGregor IS (2014) Nabiximols as an agonist replacement therapy during cannabis withdrawal: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 71:281\u2013291","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"984_CR3","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edn). American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC","edition":"4"},{"key":"984_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association: Arlington, VA"},{"key":"984_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2015.07.006","volume":"25","author":"A Andries","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andries A, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Stoving RK (2015) Changes in IGF-I, urinary free cortisol and adipokines during dronabinol therapy in anorexia nervosa: results from a randomised, controlled trial. Growth Horm IGF Res 25:247\u2013252","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"984_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22173","volume":"47","author":"A Andries","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andries A, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, St\u00f8ving RK (2014) Dronabinol in severe, enduring anorexia nervosa: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Eat Disord 47:18\u201323","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"984_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-014-0132-5","volume":"20","author":"A Andries","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andries A, Gram B, Stoving RK (2015) Effect of dronabinol therapy on physical activity in anorexia nervosa: a randomised, controlled trial. Eat Weight Disord 20:13\u201321","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord"},{"key":"984_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.178.2.101","volume":"178","author":"CH Ashton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ashton CH (2018) Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: a brief review. Br J Psychiatry 178:101\u2013106","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"984_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125312457586","volume":"2","author":"Z Atakan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Atakan Z (2012) Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals. Therap Adv Psychopharmacol 2:241\u2013254","journal-title":"Therap Adv Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"984_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.10.015","volume":"134","author":"SM August","year":"2012","unstructured":"August SM, Kiwanuka JN, McMahon RP, Gold JM (2012) The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery (MCCB): clinical and cognitive correlates. Schizophrenia Res 134:76\u201382","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Res"},{"key":"984_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.6","volume":"36","author":"MM Bergamaschi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bergamaschi MM, Queiroz RH, Chagas MH, de Oliveira DC, De Martinis BS, Kapczinski F, Quevedo J, Roesler R, Schroder N, Nardi AE, Martin-Santos R, Hallak JE, Zuardi AW, Crippa JA (2011) Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naive social phobia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:1219\u20131226","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"984_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.013","volume":"154","author":"A Bisaga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bisaga A, Sullivan MA, Glass A, Mishlen K, Pavlicova M, Haney M, Raby WN, Levin FR, Carpenter KM, Mariani JJ, Nunes EV (2015) The effects of dronabinol during detoxification and the initiation of treatment with extended release naltrexone. Drug Alcohol Depend 154:38\u201345","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"984_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2001.02072.x","volume":"268","author":"T Bisogno","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bisogno T, MacCarrone M, De Petrocellis L, Jarrahian A, Finazzi- Agro A, Hillard C, Di Marzo V (2001): The uptake by cells of 2- arachidonoylglycerol, an endogenous agonist of cannabinoid receptors.Eur J Biochem 268:1982\u20131989","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"984_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490080106","volume":"8","author":"DD Blake","year":"1995","unstructured":"Blake DD, Weathers FW, Nagy LM, Kaloupek DG, Gusman FD, Charney DS, Keane TM (1995) The development of a clinician-administered PTSD Scale. J Trauma Stress 8:75\u201390","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"984_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.11.009","volume":"134","author":"DL Boggs","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boggs DL, Kelly DL, McMahon RP, Gold JM, Gorelick DA, Linthicum J, Conley RR, Liu F, Waltz J, Huestis MA, Buchanan RW (2012) Rimonabant for neurocognition in schizophrenia: a 16-week double blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Schizophr Res 134:207\u2013210","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"984_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-4885-9","volume":"235","author":"DL Boggs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boggs DL, Surti T, Gupta A, Gupta S, Niciu M, Pittman B, Martin AMS, Thurnauer H, Davies A, D\u2019Souza DC, Ranganathan M (2018) The effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on cognition and symptoms in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia a randomized placebo controlled trial. Psychopharmacology 235:1923\u20131932","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"984_CR17","first-page":"28","volume":"4","author":"J Busner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Busner J, Targum SD (2007) The clinical global impressions scale: applying a research tool in clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont) 4:28\u201337","journal-title":"Psychiatry (Edgmont)"},{"key":"984_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.05.005","volume":"27","author":"RE Cooper","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cooper RE, Williams E, Seegobin S, Tye C, Kuntsi J, Asherson P (2017) Cannabinoids in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a randomised-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 27:795\u2013808","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"984_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/1066480713513552","volume":"22","author":"A Crowe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Crowe A, Lyness KP (2013) Family functioning, coping, and distress in families with serious mental illness. Fam J 22:186\u2013197","journal-title":"Fam J"},{"key":"984_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(98)01283-1","volume":"21","author":"V Marzo Di","year":"1998","unstructured":"Di Marzo V, Melck D, Bisogno T, De Petrocellis L (1998) Endocannabinoids: endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligands with neuromodulatory action. Trends Neurosci 21:521\u2013528","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"984_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e32803dbdec","volume":"18","author":"V Marzo Di","year":"2007","unstructured":"Di Marzo V, Petrosino S (2007) Endocannabinoids and the regulation of their levels in health and disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 18:129\u2013140","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"984_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"xvii","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-417041-4.00022-9","volume-title":"Cannabinoids in neurologic and mental disease","author":"L Fattore","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fattore L (2015) Preface. In: Fattore L (ed) Cannabinoids in neurologic and mental disease, Academic Press, San Diego, p\u00a0xvii"},{"key":"984_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.03.021","volume":"224","author":"CJ Fowler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fowler CJ, Rojo ML, Rodriguez-Gaztelumendi A (2010) Modulation of the endocannabinoid system: Neuroprotection or neurotoxicity? Exp Neurol 224:37\u201347","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"984_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(09)85005-8","volume":"85","author":"S Gaetani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gaetani S, Dipasquale P, Romano A, Righetti L, Cassano T, Piomelli D, Cuomo V (2009) The endocannabinoid system as a target for novel anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs. Int Rev Neurobiol 85:57\u201372","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"984_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32130-X","volume":"390","author":"GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators","year":"2017","unstructured":"GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators (2017) Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 390:1260\u20131344","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"984_CR26","first-page":"495","volume":"109","author":"F Grotenhermen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grotenhermen F, Muller-Vahl K (2012) The therapeutic potential of cannabis and cannabinoids. Deutsches Arzteblatt Int 109:495\u2013501","journal-title":"Deutsches Arzteblatt Int"},{"key":"984_CR27","volume-title":"The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use","author":"W Hall","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hall W, Renstr\u00f6m M, Poznyak V (2016) The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"984_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000191","volume":"28","author":"P Hay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hay P, Touyz S (2015) Treatment of patients with severe and enduring eating disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 28:473\u2013477","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"984_CR29","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]","author":"JPT Higgins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Green S (2011) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, London"},{"key":"984_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.12.030","volume":"204","author":"MN Hill","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hill MN, Tasker JG (2012) Endocannabinoid signaling, glucocorticoid-mediated negative feedback and regulation of the HPA axis. Neuroscience 204:5\u201316","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"984_CR31","volume-title":"Cannabis: Potenzial und Risiko [Cannabis: Potential and Risks]","author":"E Hoch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoch E, Friemel C, Schneider M (2018) Cannabis: Potenzial und Risiko [Cannabis: Potential and Risks]. Springer, Heidelberg"},{"key":"984_CR32","first-page":"271","volume":"112","author":"E Hoch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoch E, Bonnet U, Thomasius R, Ganzer F, Havemann-Reinecke U, Preuss UW (2015) Risks associated with the non-medicinal use of cannabis. Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt International 112:271\u2013278","journal-title":"Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt International"},{"key":"984_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(00)80027-1","volume":"31","author":"SG Hofmann","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hofmann SG, DiBartolo PM (2000) An instrument to assess self-statements during public speaking: scale development and preliminary psychometric properties. Behav Therap 31:499\u2013515","journal-title":"Behav Therap"},{"key":"984_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200790152","volume":"4","author":"MA Huestis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Huestis MA (2007) Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chem Biodivers 4:1770\u20131804","journal-title":"Chem Biodivers"},{"key":"984_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibarra-Lecue I, Pilar-Cuellar F, Muguruza C, Florensa-Zanuy E, Diaz A, Uriguen L, Castro E, Pazos A, Callado LF (2018) The endocannabinoid system in mental disorders: evidence from human brain studies. Biochem Pharmacol","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.07.009"},{"key":"984_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.11.002","volume":"51","author":"R Jetly","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jetly R, Heber A, Fraser G, Boisvert D (2015) The efficacy of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in the treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares: a preliminary randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 51:585\u2013588","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"984_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.09.031","volume":"157","author":"CJ Jicha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jicha CJ, Lofwall MR, Nuzzo PA, Babalonis S, Elayi SC, Walsh SL (2015) Safety of oral dronabinol during opioid withdrawal in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 157:179\u2013183","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"984_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.2174\/156652406778194991","volume":"6","author":"DA Karanian","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karanian DA, Bahr BA (2006) Cannabinoid drugs and enhancement of endocannabinoid responses: strategies for a wide array of disease states. Curr Mol Med 6:677\u2013684","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med"},{"key":"984_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","volume":"13","author":"SR Kay","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA (1987) The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 13:261\u2013276","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"984_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2003.09.011","volume":"68","author":"RS Keefe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Keefe RS, Goldberg TE, Harvey PD, Gold JM, Poe MP, Coughenour L (2004) The brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia: reliability, sensitivity, and comparison with a standard neurocognitive battery. Schizophr Res 68:283\u2013297","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"984_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390500360539","volume":"28","author":"RS Keefe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Keefe RS, Poe M, Walker TM, Harvey PD (2006) The relationship of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) to functional capacity and real-world functional outcome. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 28:260\u2013269","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"984_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.010","volume":"116","author":"FR Levin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Levin FR, Mariani JJ, Brooks DJ, Pavlicova M, Cheng W, Nunes EV (2011) Dronabinol for the treatment of cannabis dependence: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 116:142\u2013150","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"984_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.025","volume":"159","author":"FR Levin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Levin FR, Mariani JJ, Pavlicova M, Brooks D, Glass A, Mahony A, Nunes EV, Bisaga A, Dakwar E, Carpenter KM, Sullivan MA, Choi JC (2016) Dronabinol and lofexidine for cannabis use disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 159:53\u201360","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"984_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00106.x","volume":"13","author":"FM Leweke","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leweke FM, Koethe D (2008) Cannabis and psychiatric disorders: it is not only addiction. Addict Biol 13:264\u2013275","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"984_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.11.018","volume":"79","author":"FM Leweke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leweke FM, Mueller JK, Lange B, Rohleder C (2016) Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 79:604\u2013612","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"984_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.15","volume":"2","author":"FM Leweke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leweke FM, Piomelli D, Pahlisch F, Muhl D, Gerth CW, Hoyer C, Klosterkotter J, Hellmich M, Koethe D (2012) Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2:e94","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"984_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001895","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001895","volume":"12","author":"S Lewin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lewin S, Glenton C, Munthe-Kaas H, Carlsen B, Colvin CJ, Gulmezoglu M, Noyes J, Booth A, Garside R, Rashidian A (2015) Using qualitative evidence in decision making for health and social interventions: an approach to assess confidence in findings from qualitative evidence syntheses (GRADE-CERQual). PLoS Med 12:e1001895","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"984_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.05.002","volume":"164","author":"MR Lofwall","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lofwall MR, Babalonis S, Nuzzo PA, Elayi SC, Walsh SL (2016) Opioid withdrawal suppression efficacy of oral dronabinol in opioid dependent humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 164:143\u2013150","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"984_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.07.028","volume":"79","author":"H-C Lu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lu H-C, Mackie K (2016) An Introduction to the Endogenous Cannabinoid System. Biol Psychiatry 79:516\u2013525","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"984_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4103\/sni.sni_45_18","volume":"9","author":"J Maroon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maroon J, Bost J (2018) Review of the neurological benefits of phytocannabinoids. Surg Neurol Int 9:91","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"984_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17030325","volume":"175","author":"P McGuire","year":"2018","unstructured":"McGuire P, Robson P, Cubala WJ, Vasile D, Morrison PD, Barron R, Taylor A, Wright S (2018) Cannabidiol (CBD) as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 175:225\u2013231","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"984_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-3084(00)00184-5","volume":"108","author":"R Mechoulam","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mechoulam R, Hanus L (2000) A historical overview of chemical research on cannabinoids. Chem Phys Lipids 108:1\u201313","journal-title":"Chem Phys Lipids"},{"key":"984_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143739","volume":"64","author":"R Mechoulam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mechoulam R, Parker LA (2013) The endocannabinoid system and the brain. Annu Rev Psychol 64:21\u201347","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"984_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200790147","volume":"4","author":"R Mechoulam","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mechoulam R, Peters M, Murillo-Rodriguez E, Hanus LO (2007) Cannabidiol\u2013recent advances. Chem Biodivers 4:1678\u20131692","journal-title":"Chem Biodivers"},{"key":"984_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.6.975","volume":"161","author":"HY Meltzer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Meltzer HY, Arvanitis L, Bauer D, Rein W (2004) Placebo-controlled evaluation of four novel compounds for the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 161:975\u2013984","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"984_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PG (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 6:e1000097","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"984_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45541-9_4","volume":"103","author":"P Morales","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morales P, Hurst DP, Reggio PH (2017) Molecular targets of the phytocannabinoids-a complex picture. Progress Chem Org Nat Product 103:103\u2013131","journal-title":"Progress Chem Org Nat Product"},{"key":"984_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00104.x","volume":"13","author":"FA Moreira","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moreira FA, Lutz B (2008) The endocannabinoid system: emotion, learning and addiction. Addict Biol 13:196\u2013212","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"984_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00482-015-0085-2","volume":"30","author":"M Mucke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mucke M, Carter C, Cuhls H, Pruss M, Radbruch L, Hauser W (2016) Cannabinoids in palliative care: systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy, tolerability and safety. [German] Schmerz 30:25\u201336","journal-title":"[German] Schmerz"},{"key":"984_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-15191","volume":"34","author":"KR Muller-Vahl","year":"2001","unstructured":"Muller-Vahl KR, Koblenz A, Jobges M, Kolbe H, Emrich HM, Schneider U (2001) Influence of treatment of Tourette syndrome with delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) on neuropsychological performance. Pharmacopsychiatry 34:19\u201324","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"984_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-25028","volume":"35","author":"KR Muller-Vahl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Muller-Vahl KR, Schneider U, Koblenz A, Jobges M, Kolbe H, Daldrup T, Emrich HM (2002) Treatment of Tourette\u2019s syndrome with Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): a randomized crossover trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 35:57\u201361","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"984_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0417","volume":"64","author":"KR Muller-Vahl","year":"2003","unstructured":"Muller-Vahl KR, Schneider U, Prevedel H, Theloe K, Kolbe H, Daldrup T, Emrich HM (2003) Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is effective in the treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome: a 6-week randomized trial. J Clin Psychiatry 64:459\u2013465","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"984_CR63","volume-title":"The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: current state of evidence and recommendations for research","author":"National Academies of Sciences and Medicine","year":"2017","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences and Medicine (2017) The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: current state of evidence and recommendations for research. The National Academies Press, Washington"},{"key":"984_CR64","unstructured":"National Research C, Institute of Medicine Committee on the Prevention of Mental D, Substance Abuse Among Children Y, Young Adults: Research A, Promising I (2009) The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. In: O\u2019Connell ME, Boat T, Warner KE (eds) Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: progress and possibilities. National Academies Press (US)"},{"key":"984_CR65","volume-title":"The oxford levels of evidence","author":"OCEBM","year":"2011","unstructured":"OCEBM (2011) Levels of evidence working group. The oxford levels of evidence, 2 edn. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Oxford. \n                    http:\/\/www.cebm.net\/index.aspx?o=5653","edition":"2"},{"key":"984_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1962.10.3.799","volume":"10","author":"JE Overall","year":"1962","unstructured":"Overall JE, Gorham DR (1962) The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychol Rep 10:799\u2013812","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"984_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.03.018","volume":"224","author":"D Parolaro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parolaro D, Realini N, Vigano D, Guidali C, Rubino T (2010) The endocannabinoid system and psychiatric disorders. Exp Neurol 224:3\u201314","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"984_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn4004","volume":"16","author":"LH Parsons","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parsons LH, Hurd YL (2015) Endocannabinoid signalling in reward and addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 16:579\u2013594","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"984_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707442","volume":"153","author":"RG Pertwee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pertwee RG (2008) The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin. Br J Pharmacol 153:199\u2013215","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"984_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2008.00048.x","volume":"156","author":"RG Pertwee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pertwee RG (2009) Emerging strategies for exploiting cannabinoid receptor agonists as medicines. Br J Pharmacol 156:397\u2013411","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"984_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.12.2004","volume":"22","author":"F Pouwer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pouwer F, van der Ploeg HM, Ader HJ, Heine RJ, Snoek FJ (1999) The 12-item well-being questionnaire. An evaluation of its validity and reliability in Dutch people with diabetes. Diabetes Care 22:2004\u20132010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"984_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh110","volume":"40","author":"F Rodr\u00cdGuezFonseca de","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rodr\u00cdGuez de Fonseca, F, Del Arco I, Bermudez-Silva FJ, Bilbao A, Cippitelli A, Navarro M (2005) The endocannabinoid system: physiology and pharmacology. Alcohol Alcohol 40:2\u201314","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"984_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20825-1_9","volume":"231","author":"T Rubino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rubino T, Zamberletti E, Parolaro D (2015) Endocannabinoids and mental disorders. Handb Exp Pharmacol 231:261\u2013283","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"984_CR74","unstructured":"Sanofi (2009) Efficacy and safety of AVE1625 as a co-treatment with antipsychotic therapy in schizophrenia (CONNECT)"},{"key":"984_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00411","volume":"10","author":"FF Scarante","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scarante FF, Vila-Verde C, Detoni VL, Ferreira-Junior NC, Guimaraes FS, Campos AC (2017) Cannabinoid modulation of the stressed hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 10:411","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"984_CR76","unstructured":"SIGN (2015) Scottisch intercollegiate guidelines network 50 methodology checklist. Edinburgh, United Kingdom"},{"key":"984_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu038","volume":"43","author":"Z Steel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Steel Z, Marnane C, Iranpour C, Chey T, Jackson JW, Patel V, Silove D (2014) The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980\u20132013. Int J Epidemiol 43:476\u2013493","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"984_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2006.02.015","volume":"61","author":"A Thiel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thiel A, Paul T (2006) Test-retest reliability of the eating disorder inventory 2. J Psychosomat Res 61:567\u2013569","journal-title":"J Psychosomat Res"},{"key":"984_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.020","volume":"161","author":"JM Trigo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Trigo JM, Lagzdins D, Rehm J, Selby P, Gamaleddin I, Fischer B, Barnes AJ, Huestis MA, Le Foll B (2016) Effects of fixed or self-titrated dosages of Sativex on cannabis withdrawal and cravings. Drug Alcohol Depend 161:298\u2013306","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"984_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0190768","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190768","volume":"13","author":"JM Trigo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Trigo JM, Soliman A, Quilty LC, Fischer B, Rehm J, Selby P, Barnes AJ, Huestis MA, George TP, Streiner DL, Staios G, Le Foll B (2018) Nabiximols combined with motivational enhancement\/cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of cannabis dependence: A pilot randomized clinical trial. PLoS One 13:e0190768","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"984_CR81","unstructured":"University of Cologne (2008) A clinical trial on the antipsychotic properties of cannabidiol. \n                    https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT00309413?cond=Cannabidiol%26rank=67\n                    \n                  . Accessed 21 Jan 2015"},{"key":"984_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2015.07.011","volume":"23","author":"GA Elsen van den","year":"2015","unstructured":"van den Elsen GA, Ahmed AI, Verkes RJ, Feuth T, van der Marck MA, Olde Rikkert MG (2015) Tetrahydrocannabinol in behavioral disturbances in dementia: a crossover randomized controlled trial. Am J Geriatric Psychiatry 23:1214\u20131224","journal-title":"Am J Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"984_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.06.498","volume":"1","author":"GAH Elsen van den","year":"2015","unstructured":"van den Elsen GAH, Ahmed AIA, Jan Verkes R, Kramers K, Feuth T, Olde Rikkert MGM, Van Der Marck MA (2015) Efficacy and safety of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in behavioral disturbances in dementia: a randomized controlled trial. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement 1:P469\u2013P470","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement"},{"key":"984_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001675","volume":"84","author":"GAH Elsen van den","year":"2015","unstructured":"van den Elsen GAH, Ahmed AIA, Verkes R-J, Kramers C, Feuth T, Rosenberg PB, van der Marck MA, Olde Rikkert MGM (2015) Tetrahydrocannabinol for neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 84:2338\u20132346","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"984_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1166(199709)12:9<913::AID-GPS663>3.0.CO;2-D","volume":"12","author":"L Volicer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Volicer L, Stelly M, Morris J, McLaughlin J, Volicer BJ (1997) Effects of dronabinol on anorexia and disturbed behavior in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Int J Geriatric Psychiatry 12:913\u2013919","journal-title":"Int J Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"984_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1402309","volume":"370","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2014","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Baler RD, Compton WM, Weiss SR (2014) Adverse health effects of marijuana use. N Engl J Med 370:2219\u20132227","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"984_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199205000-00013","volume":"31","author":"JT Walkup","year":"1992","unstructured":"Walkup JT, Rosenberg LA, Brown J, Singer HS (1992) The validity of instruments measuring tic severity in Tourette\u2019s syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolescent Psychiatry 31:472\u2013477","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"984_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.4770130405","volume":"13","author":"ME Wewers","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wewers ME, Lowe NK (1990) A critical review of visual analogue scales in the measurement of clinical phenomena. Res Nurs Health 13:227\u2013236","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"key":"984_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0116820","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116820","volume":"10","author":"HA Whiteford","year":"2015","unstructured":"Whiteford HA, Ferrari AJ, Degenhardt L, Feigin V, Vos T (2015) The global burden of mental, neurological and substance use disorders: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. PLoS One 10:e0116820","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"984_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.6358","volume":"313","author":"PF Whiting","year":"2015","unstructured":"Whiting PF, Wolff RF, Deshpande S, Di Nisio M, Duffy S, Hernandez AV, Keurentjes JC, Lang S, Misso K, Ryder S, Schmidlkofer S, Westwood M, Kleijnen J (2015) Cannabinoids for medical use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 313:2456\u20132473","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"984_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018","volume":"21","author":"HU Wittchen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wittchen HU, Jacobi F, Rehm J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jonsson B, Olesen J, Allgulander C, Alonso J, Faravelli C, Fratiglioni L, Jennum P, Lieb R, Maercker A, van Os J, Preisig M, Salvador-Carulla L, Simon R, Steinhausen HC (2011) The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 21:655\u2013679","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"984_CR92","unstructured":"World Drug Report (2018) United Nations Publication, Sales No. E.18.XI.9"},{"key":"984_CR93","volume-title":"ICD-10: international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems\/World Health Organization","author":"W","year":"2004","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2004) ICD-10: international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems\/World Health Organization. World Health Organization, Geneva"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-019-00999-x","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]],"date-time":"2019-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554422400000}}],"container-title":["European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00406-019-00984-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-019-00984-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-019-00984-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]],"date-time":"2020-01-30T19:10:37Z","timestamp":1580411437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00406-019-00984-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-019-00984-4","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s00406-019-00999-x","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0940-1334","1433-8491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-1334","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-8491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 September 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 April 2019","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The article \u201cHow effective and safe is medical cannabis as a treatment of mental disorders? A systematic review\u201d, written by Eva Hoch, was originally published Online First without open access. After publication in volume 269, issue 1, page 87\u2013105 the author decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to \u00a9 The Author(s) 2019 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}