{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:20:17Z","timestamp":1791433217309,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,25]],"date-time":"2019-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558742400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,25]],"date-time":"2019-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006442","name":"Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, K\u00f8benhavns Universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The differential diagnosis of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders can be difficult. In the current diagnostic criteria, basic concepts such as obsession and delusion overlap. This study examined lifetime schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology, including subtle schizotypal symptomatology and subjective anomalies such as self-disorders, in a sample diagnosed with OCD in a specialized setting. The study also examined the differential diagnostic potential of the classic psychopathological notions of true obsession (\u2018with resistance\u2019) and pseudo-obsession. The study involved 42 outpatients diagnosed with OCD at two clinics specialized in the treatment of OCD. The patients underwent semi-structured, narrative interviews assessing a comprehensive battery of psychopathological instruments. The final lifetime research-diagnosis was based on a consensus between a senior clinical psychiatrist and an experienced research clinician. The study found that 29% of the patients fulfilled criteria of schizophrenia or another non-affective psychosis as main, lifetime DSM-5 research-diagnosis. Another 33% received a research-diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder, 10% a research-diagnosis of major depression and 29% a main research-diagnosis of OCD. Self-disorders aggregated in the schizophrenia-spectrum groups. True obsessions had a specificity of 93% and a sensitivity of 58% for a main diagnosis of OCD. In conclusion, a high proportion of clinically diagnosed OCD patients fulfilled diagnostic criteria of a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. The conspicuous obsessive\u2013compulsive symptomatology may have resulted in a disregard of psychotic symptoms and other psychopathology. Furthermore, the differentiation of obsessions from related psychopathological phenomena is insufficient and a conceptual and empirical effort in this domain is required in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-019-01022-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,25]],"date-time":"2019-05-25T13:04:53Z","timestamp":1558789493000},"page":"993-1002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: an empirical study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"270","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1784-4221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas Ros\u00e9n","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2492-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Nordgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Parnas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1022_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00309-8","volume":"66","author":"P Bech","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bech P, Rasmussen NA, Olsen LR, Noerholm V, Abildgaard W (2001) The sensitivity and specificity of the major depression inventory, using the present state examination as the index of diagnostic validity. J Affect Disord 66:159\u2013164","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1022_CR2","volume-title":"Beck depression inventory","author":"A Beck","year":"1996","unstructured":"Beck A, Steer R, Brown G (1996) Beck depression inventory. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio"},{"key":"1022_CR3","volume-title":"Beck anxiety inventory manual","author":"AT Beck","year":"1993","unstructured":"Beck AT, Steer RA (1993) Beck anxiety inventory manual. Psychological Corporation, San Antonio"},{"key":"1022_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(03)00158-1","volume":"27","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benazzi F (2003) Diagnosis of bipolar ii disorder: a comparison of structured versus semistructured interviews. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 27:985\u2013991","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt122","volume":"40","author":"TB Bigdeli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bigdeli TB, Bacanu SA, Webb BT, Walsh D, O\u2019Neill FA, Fanous AH, Riley BP, Kendler KS (2014) Molecular validation of the schizophrenia spectrum. Schizophr Bull 40:60\u201365","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1022_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.9.1425","volume":"150","author":"DW Black","year":"1993","unstructured":"Black DW, Noyes R Jr, Pfohl B, Goldstein RB, Blum N (1993) Personality disorder in obsessive-compulsive volunteers, well comparison subjects, and their first-degree relatives. Am J Psychiatry 150:1226\u20131232","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR7","volume-title":"Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias","author":"E Bleuler","year":"1950","unstructured":"Bleuler E (1950) Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. International Universities Press, New York"},{"key":"1022_CR8","volume-title":"Textbook of psychiatry","author":"E Bleuler","year":"1924","unstructured":"Bleuler E (1924) Textbook of psychiatry. The Macmillan Co, New York"},{"key":"1022_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1159\/000203101","volume":"33","author":"K Bonhoeffer","year":"1913","unstructured":"Bonhoeffer K (1913) \u00dcber die beziehungen der zwangsvorstellungen zum manisch depressiven irresein. Monatsschrift f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und Neurologie 33:354\u2013358","journal-title":"Monatsschrift f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und Neurologie"},{"key":"1022_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-0179-4-29","volume":"4","author":"N Boonstra","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boonstra N, Wunderink L, Sytema S, Wiersma D (2008) Detection of psychosis by mental health care services; a naturalistic cohort study. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 4:29","journal-title":"Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health"},{"key":"1022_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1159\/000098490","volume":"40","author":"M Burgy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Burgy M (2007) Obsession in the strict sense: a helpful psychopathological phenomenon in the differential diagnosis between obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia. Psychopathology 40:102\u2013110","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"1022_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.12.007","volume":"34","author":"F Catapano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Catapano F, Perris F, Fabrazzo M, Cioffi V, Giacco D, De Santis V, Maj M (2010) Obsessive-compulsive disorder with poor insight: a three-year prospective study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 34:323\u2013330","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu169","volume":"41","author":"M Cederlof","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cederlof M, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H, Boman M, Ruck C, Landen M, Mataix-Cols D (2015) Obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychosis, and bipolarity: a longitudinal cohort and multigenerational family study. Schizophr Bull 41:1076\u20131083","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1022_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900020381","volume":"14","author":"L de Haan","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Haan L, Dudek-Hodge C, Verhoeven Y, Denys D (2009) Prevalence of psychotic disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr 14:415\u2013417","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"1022_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12952-5","volume-title":"Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia","author":"L De Haan","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Haan L, Schirmbeck F, Zink M (2015) Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia. Springer, Cham"},{"key":"1022_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7893.2011.00276.x","volume":"5","author":"A Duffy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Duffy A, Doucette S, Lewitzka U, Alda M, Hajek T, Grof P (2011) Findings from bipolar offspring studies: methodology matters. Early Interv Psychiatry 5:181\u2013191","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.1.102","volume":"155","author":"JL Eisen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Eisen JL, Phillips KA, Baer L, Beer DA, Atala KD, Rasmussen SA (1998) The brown assessment of beliefs scale: reliability and validity. Am J Psychiatry 155:102\u2013108","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR18","first-page":"373","volume":"54","author":"JL Eisen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA (1993) Obsessive compulsive disorder with psychotic features. J Clin Psychiatry 54:373\u2013379","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12m07657","volume":"74","author":"JL Eisen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eisen JL, Sibrava NJ, Boisseau CL, Mancebo MC, Stout RL, Pinto A, Rasmussen SA (2013) Five-year course of obsessive-compulsive disorder: predictors of remission and relapse. J Clin Psychiatry 74:233\u2013239","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770310043002","volume":"35","author":"J Endicott","year":"1978","unstructured":"Endicott J, Spitzer RL (1978) A diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35:837\u2013844","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1976.01770060086012","volume":"33","author":"J Endicott","year":"1976","unstructured":"Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Fleiss JL, Cohen J (1976) The global assessment scale. A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33:766\u2013771","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR22","volume-title":"Clinical psychopathology: signs and symptoms in psychiatry","author":"F Fish","year":"1967","unstructured":"Fish F (1967) Clinical psychopathology: signs and symptoms in psychiatry. Wright, Bristol"},{"key":"1022_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.1.90","volume":"152","author":"EB Foa","year":"1995","unstructured":"Foa EB, Kozak MJ, Goodman WK, Hollander E, Jenike MA, Rasmussen SA (1995) DSM-IV field trial: obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 152:90\u201396","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR24","first-page":"687","volume":"43","author":"P Fusar-Poli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fusar-Poli P, Raballo A, Parnas J (2017) What is an attenuated psychotic symptom? On the importance of the context. Schizophr Bull 43:687\u2013692","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1022_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007","volume":"46","author":"WK Goodman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Fleischmann RL, Hill CL, Heninger GR, Charney DS (1989) The yale-brown obsessive compulsive scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:1006\u20131011","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR26","first-page":"113","volume":"7","author":"G Gross","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gross G, Huber G, Klosterk\u00f6tter J (1988) Schizophrenie und endogene zwangskrankheit. Nervenheilkunde 7:113\u2013118","journal-title":"Nervenheilkunde"},{"key":"1022_CR27","volume-title":"Bonner skala f\u00fcr die beurteilung von basissymptomen","author":"G Gross","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gross G, Huber G, Klosterk\u00f6tter J, Lintz M (1987) Bonner skala f\u00fcr die beurteilung von basissymptomen. Springer, Berlin"},{"key":"1022_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31825bfd6f","volume":"200","author":"E Haug","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haug E, Lien L, Raballo A, Bratlien U, Oie M, Andreassen OA, Melle I, Moller P (2012) Selective aggregation of self-disorders in first-treatment DSM-IV schizophrenia spectrum disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 200:632\u2013636","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"1022_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01563119","volume":"23","author":"P Hoch","year":"1949","unstructured":"Hoch P, Polatin P (1949) Pseudoneurotic Forms of Schizophrenia. Psychiatr Q 23:248\u2013276","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"1022_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.12.1527","volume":"143","author":"TR Insel","year":"1986","unstructured":"Insel TR, Akiskal HS (1986) Obsessive-compulsive disorder with psychotic features: a phenomenologic analysis. Am J Psychiatry 143:1527\u20131533","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR31","volume-title":"The psychiatric interview for differential diagnosis","author":"L Jansson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jansson L, Nordgaard J (2016) The psychiatric interview for differential diagnosis. Springer, Berlin"},{"key":"1022_CR32","volume-title":"General psychopathology","author":"K Jaspers","year":"1963","unstructured":"Jaspers K (1963) General psychopathology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago"},{"key":"1022_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","volume":"13","author":"SR Kay","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA (1987) The positive and negative syndrome scale (panss) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 13:261\u2013276","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1022_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw010","volume":"42","author":"D Koren","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koren D, Lacoua L, Rothschild-Yakar L, Parnas J (2016) Disturbances of the basic self and prodromal symptoms among young adolescents from the community: a pilot population-based study. Schizophr Bull 42:1216\u20131224","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1022_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)90132-5","volume":"32","author":"MJ Kozak","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kozak MJ, Foa EB (1994) Obsessions, overvalued ideas, and delusions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther 32:343\u2013353","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1022_CR36","volume-title":"Dementia praecox and paraphrenia","author":"E Kraepelin","year":"1919","unstructured":"Kraepelin E (1919) Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. E & S Livingstone, Edinburgh"},{"key":"1022_CR37","volume-title":"Psychiatrie ein lehrbuch f\u00fcr studirende und \u00e4rzte","author":"E Kraepelin","year":"1915","unstructured":"Kraepelin E (1915) Psychiatrie ein lehrbuch f\u00fcr studirende und \u00e4rzte. Barth, Leipzig"},{"key":"1022_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.111.477.709","volume":"111","author":"E Kringlen","year":"1965","unstructured":"Kringlen E (1965) Obsessional neurotics: a long-term follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 111:709\u2013722","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1159\/000478989","volume":"50","author":"EI Kvig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kvig EI, Brinchmann B, Moe C, Nilssen S, Larsen TK, Sorgaard K (2017) \u201cLanthanic presentation\u201d in first-episode psychosis predicts long service delay: the challenge of detecting masked psychosis. Psychopathology 50:282\u2013289","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"1022_CR40","volume-title":"Intelligenz-struktur-test 2000 r (i-s-t 2000 r)","author":"D Liepmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liepmann D (2007) Intelligenz-struktur-test 2000 r (i-s-t 2000 r). Hogrefe, G\u00f6ttingen"},{"key":"1022_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2011.01.001","volume":"52","author":"BA Marcks","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marcks BA, Weisberg RB, Dyck I, Keller MB (2011) Longitudinal course of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with anxiety disorders: a 15-year prospective follow-up study. Compr Psychiatry 52:670\u2013677","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2000.7426","volume":"41","author":"H Matsunaga","year":"2000","unstructured":"Matsunaga H, Kiriike N, Matsui T, Miyata A, Iwasaki Y, Fujimoto K, Kasai S, Kojima M (2000) Gender differences in social and interpersonal features and personality disorders among japanese patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry 41:266\u2013272","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR43","volume-title":"Handbuch der geisteskrankheiten","author":"W Mayer-Gross","year":"1932","unstructured":"Mayer-Gross W (1932) Klinik. In: Bumke O (ed) Handbuch der geisteskrankheiten. F.C.W. Vogel, Berlin"},{"key":"1022_CR44","volume-title":"Clinical psychiatry","author":"W Mayer-Gross","year":"1969","unstructured":"Mayer-Gross W, Slater E, Roth M (1969) Clinical psychiatry. Tindall & Cassell, London"},{"key":"1022_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810320088015","volume":"48","author":"P McGuffin","year":"1991","unstructured":"McGuffin P, Farmer A, Harvey I (1991) A polydiagnostic application of operational criteria in studies of psychotic illness. Development and reliability of the OPCRIT system. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:764\u2013770","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1011","volume":"71","author":"SM Meier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meier SM, Petersen L, Pedersen MG, Arendt MC, Nielsen PR, Mattheisen M, Mors O, Mortensen PB (2014) Obsessive-compulsive disorder as a risk factor for schizophrenia: a nationwide study. JAMA Psychiatry 71:1215\u20131221","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2015.04.004","volume":"33","author":"IA Melca","year":"2015","unstructured":"Melca IA, Yucel M, Mendlowicz MV, de Oliveira-Souza R, Fontenelle LF (2015) The correlates of obsessive-compulsive, schizotypal, and borderline personality disorders in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord 33:15\u201324","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"1022_CR48","first-page":"218","volume":"72","author":"C M\u00fcller","year":"1953","unstructured":"M\u00fcller C (1953) Der ubergang von zwangsnevrose in schizophrenie im licht der katamnese. Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr 72:218\u2013225","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr"},{"key":"1022_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.52","volume":"212","author":"B Nelson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nelson B, Hartmann JA, Parnas J (2018) Detail, dynamics and depth: useful correctives for some current research trends. Br J Psychiatry 212:262\u2013264","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR50","first-page":"34","volume":"179","author":"J Nordgaard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nordgaard J, Handest P, Vollmer-Larsen A, Saebye D, Pedersen JT, Parnas J (2016) Temporal persistence of anomalous self-experience: a 5 years follow-up. Schizophr Res 179:34\u201340","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1022_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-017-0837-3","volume":"268","author":"J Nordgaard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nordgaard J, Nilsson LS, Saebye D, Parnas J (2017) Self-disorders in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: a 5-year follow-up study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 268:713\u2013718","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1022_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt239","volume":"40","author":"J Nordgaard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nordgaard J, Parnas J (2014) Self-disorders and the schizophrenia spectrum: a study of 100 first hospital admissions. Schizophr Bull 40:1300\u20131307","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1022_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2012.tb00128.x","volume":"11","author":"J Nordgaard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nordgaard J, Revsbech R, Saebye D, Parnas J (2012) Assessing the diagnostic validity of a structured psychiatric interview in a first-admission hospital sample. World Psychiatry 11:181\u2013185","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-012-0366-z","volume":"263","author":"J Nordgaard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nordgaard J, Sass LA, Parnas J (2013) The psychiatric interview: validity, structure, and subjectivity. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 263:353\u2013364","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1022_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20239","volume":"14","author":"J Parnas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parnas J (2015) Differential diagnosis and current polythetic classification. World Psychiatry 14:284\u2013287","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820210041005","volume":"50","author":"J Parnas","year":"1993","unstructured":"Parnas J, Cannon TD, Jacobsen B, Schulsinger H, Schulsinger F, Mednick SA (1993) Lifetime DSM-III-R diagnostic outcomes in the offspring of schizophrenic mothers. Results from the Copenhagen high-risk study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:707\u2013714","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2003.50017","volume":"44","author":"J Parnas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Parnas J, Handest P (2003) Phenomenology of anomalous self-experience in early schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry 44:121\u2013134","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1159\/000088442","volume":"38","author":"J Parnas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Parnas J, Handest P, Jansson L, Saebye D (2005) Anomalous subjective experience among first-admitted schizophrenia spectrum patients: empirical investigation. Psychopathology 38:259\u2013267","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"1022_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000040","volume":"22","author":"J Parnas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parnas J, Henriksen MG (2014) Disordered self in the schizophrenia spectrum: a clinical and research perspective. Harv Rev Psychiatry 22:251\u2013265","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR60","volume-title":"Personality disorders","author":"J Parnas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Parnas J, Licht D, Bovet P (2005) Cluster a personality disorders: a review. In: Maj M, Akiskal HS, Mezzich JE, Okasha A (eds) Personality disorders, vol 8. Wiley, Chichester"},{"key":"1022_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1159\/000088441","volume":"38","author":"J Parnas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Parnas J, Moller P, Kircher T, Thalbitzer J, Jansson L, Handest P, Zahavi D (2005) Ease: examination of anomalous self-experience. Psychopathology 38:236\u2013258","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"1022_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00057.x","volume":"10","author":"J Parnas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Parnas J, Raballo A, Handest P, Jansson L, Vollmer-Larsen A, Saebye D (2011) Self-experience in the early phases of schizophrenia: 5-year follow-up of the Copenhagen prodromal study. World Psychiatry 10:200\u2013204","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20528","volume":"17","author":"J Parnas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parnas J, Zandersen M (2018) Self and schizophrenia: current status and diagnostic implications. World Psychiatry 17:220\u2013221","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3658","volume":"76","author":"O Plana-Ripoll","year":"2019","unstructured":"Plana-Ripoll O, Pedersen CB, Holtz Y, Benros ME, Dalsgaard S, de Jonge P, Fan CC, Degenhardt L, Ganna A, Greve AN, Gunn J, Iburg KM, Kessing LV, Lee BK, Lim CCW, Mors O, Nordentoft M, Prior A, Roest AM, Saha S, Schork A, Scott JG, Scott KM, Stedman T, Sorensen HJ, Werge T, Whiteford HA, Laursen TM, Agerbo E, Kessler RC, Mortensen PB, McGrath JJ (2019) Exploring comorbidity within mental disorders among a danish national population. JAMA Psychiatry 76:259\u2013270","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR65","volume-title":"Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia","author":"M Poyurovsky","year":"2015","unstructured":"Poyurovsky M (2015) Obsessive-compulsive disorder with schizotypal personality disorder (schizotypal OCD). In: De Haan L, Schirmbeck F, Zink M (eds) Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia. Springer, Cham"},{"key":"1022_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv223","volume":"42","author":"A Raballo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raballo A, Pappagallo E, Dell\u2019 Erba A, Lo Cascio N, Patane M, Gebhardt E, Boldrini T, Terzariol L, Angelone M, Trisolini A, Girardi P, Fiori Nastro P (2016) Self-disorders and clinical high risk for psychosis: an empirical study in help-seeking youth attending community mental health facilities. Schizophr Bull 42:926\u2013932","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1022_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31825bfb41","volume":"200","author":"A Raballo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Raballo A, Parnas J (2012) Examination of anomalous self-experience: initial study of the structure of self-disorders in schizophrenia spectrum. J Nerv Ment Dis 200:577\u2013583","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"1022_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1159\/000431291","volume":"48","author":"AR Rasmussen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rasmussen AR, Parnas J (2015) Anomalies of imagination and disordered self in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychopathology 48:317\u2013323","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"1022_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/jschres201811019","volume":"206","author":"AR Rasmussen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rasmussen AR, Saebye D, Parnas J (2018) Anomalies of imagination in the schizophrenia-spectrum: empirical findings. Schizophr Res 206: 458\u2013459.\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/jschres201811019","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1022_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1159\/000488463","volume":"51","author":"AR Rasmussen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rasmussen AR, Stephensen H, Nordgaard J, Parnas J (2018) A phenomenological approach to psychopathology of imagination: development of a descriptive instrument\u2014examination of anomalous fantasy and imagination. Psychopathology 51:210\u2013215","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"1022_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1159\/000488464","volume":"51","author":"AR Rasmussen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rasmussen AR, Stephensen H, Parnas J (2018) Eafi: examination of anomalous fantasy and imagination. Psychopathology 51:216\u2013226","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"1022_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.103.433.773","volume":"103","author":"I Rosen","year":"1957","unstructured":"Rosen I (1957) The clinical significance of obsessions in schizophrenia. J Ment Sci 103:773\u2013785","journal-title":"J Ment Sci"},{"key":"1022_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00345572","volume":"191","author":"G Rudin","year":"1953","unstructured":"Rudin G (1953) Ein beitrag zur frage der zwangskrankheit. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 191:14\u201354","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr"},{"key":"1022_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.177.5.457","volume":"177","author":"J Samuels","year":"2000","unstructured":"Samuels J, Nestadt G, Bienvenu OJ, Costa PT Jr, Riddle MA, Liang KY, Hoehn-Saric R, Grados MA, Cullen BA (2000) Personality disorders and normal personality dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 177:457\u2013462","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR75","volume-title":"Psychopathic personalities","author":"K Schneider","year":"1958","unstructured":"Schneider K (1958) Psychopathic personalities. Cassell, London"},{"issue":"Supplementum 1","key":"1022_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(02)80161-4","volume":"17","author":"G Skoog","year":"2002","unstructured":"Skoog G, Skoog I (2002) A 40-year follow-up of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Eur Psychiatry 17(Supplementum 1):36","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(96)00036-8","volume":"34","author":"G Steketee","year":"1996","unstructured":"Steketee G, Frost R, Bogart K (1996) The yale-brown obsessive compulsive scale: interview versus self-report. Behav Res Ther 34:675\u2013684","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1022_CR78","first-page":"166","volume":"91","author":"E Stengel","year":"1945","unstructured":"Stengel E (1945) A study on some clinical aspects of the relationship between obsessional neurosis and psychotic reaction types. Br J Psychiatry 91:166\u2013187","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02867683","volume":"23","author":"W Stoecker","year":"1914","unstructured":"Stoecker W (1914) \u00dcber genese und klinische stellung der zwangsvorstellungen. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 23:121\u2013289","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie"},{"key":"1022_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-006-0118-3","volume":"41","author":"AR Torres","year":"2006","unstructured":"Torres AR, Moran P, Bebbington P, Brugha T, Bhugra D, Coid JW, Farrell M, Jenkins R, Lewis G, Meltzer H, Prince M (2006) Obsessive-compulsive disorder and personality disorder: evidence from the british national survey of psychiatric morbidity 2000. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 41:862\u2013867","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"1022_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.04.001","volume":"72","author":"MS Vaever","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vaever MS, Licht DM, Moller L, Perlt D, Jorgensen A, Handest P, Parnas J (2005) Thinking within the spectrum: schizophrenic thought disorder in six danish pedigrees. Schizophr Res 72:137\u2013149","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1022_CR82","volume-title":"Borderlands of sanity: neuroses, schizophrenic borderline states, atypical endogenous depression\u2014clinical pictures, psycho-dynamics","author":"T Vanggaard","year":"1979","unstructured":"Vanggaard T (1979) Borderlands of sanity: neuroses, schizophrenic borderline states, atypical endogenous depression\u2014clinical pictures, psycho-dynamics. Munksgaard, K\u00f8benhavn"},{"key":"1022_CR83","first-page":"669","volume":"46","author":"C Westphal","year":"1877","unstructured":"Westphal C (1877) \u00dcber zwangsvorstellungen. Berl Klin Wochenschr 46:669\u2013672","journal-title":"Berl Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"1022_CR84","volume-title":"Present state examination","author":"JK Wing","year":"1974","unstructured":"Wing JK (1974) Present state examination. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"1022_CR85","first-page":"1","volume":"22","author":"M Zandersen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zandersen M, Henriksen MG, Parnas J (2018) A recurrent question: what is borderline? J Personal Disord 22:1\u201329","journal-title":"J Personal Disord"},{"key":"1022_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20598","volume":"18","author":"M Zandersen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zandersen M, Parnas J (2019) Borderline personality disorder or a disorder within the schizophrenia spectrum? A psychopathological study. World Psychiatry 18:109\u2013110","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"1022_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx183","volume":"45","author":"M Zandersen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zandersen M, Parnas J (2019) Identity disturbance, feelings of emptiness, and the boundaries of the schizophrenia spectrum. Schizophr Bull 45:106\u2013113","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"}],"container-title":["European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-019-01022-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00406-019-01022-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-019-01022-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]],"date-time":"2023-09-16T22:23:50Z","timestamp":1694903030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00406-019-01022-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,25]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-019-01022-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-1334","1433-8491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-1334","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-8491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 February 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"On behalf of all the authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All the procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}