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Abnormal cortical oscillatory activity may be a promising biomarker, encouraging non-invasive neurostimulation techniques as a treatment. We aimed to modulate abnormal slow cortical oscillations by delivering transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and physiotherapy to reduce pain and cognitive symptoms. This was a double-blinded, randomized, crossover trial conducted between February and September 2018 at the Rehabilitation Unit of a teaching Hospital (NCT03221413). Participants were randomly assigned to tACS or random noise stimulation (RNS), 5\u00a0days\/week for 2\u00a0weeks followed by ad hoc physiotherapy. Clinical and cognitive assessments were performed at\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    (baseline),\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    (after stimulation),\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (1\u00a0month after stimulation). Electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral topographies recorded from 15 participants confirmed slow-rhythm prevalence and provided tACS tailored stimulation parameters and electrode sites. Following tACS, EEG alpha1 ([8\u201310] Hz) activity increased at\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.024) compared to RNS, pain symptoms assessed by Visual Analog Scale decreased at\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    vs\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.010), self-reported cognitive skills and neuropsychological scores improved both at\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (Patient-Reported Outcomes in Cognitive Impairment,\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2013\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.024; Everyday memory questionnaire,\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    compared to RNS,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.012; Montr\u00e9al Cognitive Assessment,\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    vs\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.048 and\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    vs\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.009; Trail Making Test B\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2013\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.034). Psychopathological scales and other neuropsychological scores (Trail Making Test-A; Total Phonemic Fluency; Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; Rey\u2013Osterrieth Complex Figure) improved both after tACS and RNS but earlier improvements (\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) were registered only after tACS. These results support tACS coupled with physiotherapy in treating FMS cognitive symptoms, pain and subclinical psychopathology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01214-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T08:03:04Z","timestamp":1606291384000},"page":"199-210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Beyond physiotherapy and pharmacological treatment for fibromyalgia syndrome: tailored tACS as a new therapeutic tool"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"271","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Bernardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8907-4051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margherita","family":"Bertuccelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Formaggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Rubega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Bosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Tenconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Cattelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Masiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Del Felice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1214_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.06.006","volume":"338","author":"KA Sluka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sluka KA, Clauw DJ (2016) Neurobiology of fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain. 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