{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T20:10:44Z","timestamp":1790367044903,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI 1928\/2-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI 1928\/2-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WO 1883\/6-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WO 1883\/6-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01GQ1102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GQ1102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001661","name":"Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relative roles of brainstem, thalamus and striatum in parkinsonism in schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) patients are largely unknown. To determine whether topographical alterations of the brainstem, thalamus and striatum contribute to parkinsonism in SSD patients, we conducted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of SSD patients with (SSD-P, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200935) and without (SSD-nonP, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200964) parkinsonism, as defined by a Simpson and Angus Scale (SAS) total score of\u2009\u2265\u20094 and\u2009&lt;\u20094, respectively, in comparison with healthy controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200920). FreeSurfer v6.0 was used for segmentation of four brainstem regions (medulla oblongata, pons, superior cerebellar peduncle and midbrain), caudate nucleus, putamen and thalamus. Patients with parkinsonism had significantly smaller medulla oblongata (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01, false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected) and putamen (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02, FDR-corrected) volumes when compared to patients without parkinsonism. Across the entire patient sample (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200999), significant negative correlations were identified between (a) medulla oblongata volumes and both SAS total (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.034) and glabella-salivation (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007) scores, and (b) thalamic volumes and both SAS total (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.033) and glabella-salivation (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007) scores. These results indicate that brainstem and thalamic structures as well as basal ganglia-based motor circuits play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of parkinsonism in SSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-021-01270-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T10:16:12Z","timestamp":1620209772000},"page":"1455-1464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Structural alterations in brainstem, basal ganglia and thalamus associated with parkinsonism in schizophrenia spectrum disorders"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"271","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Fritze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anais","family":"Harneit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John L.","family":"Waddington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina M.","family":"Kubera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike M.","family":"Schmitgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Luise","family":"Otte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena S.","family":"Geiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"Tost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Meyer-Lindenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1226-9800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dusan","family":"Hirjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1270_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708004716","volume":"39","author":"S Pappa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pappa S, Dazzan P (2009) Spontaneous movement disorders in antipsychotic-naive patients with first-episode psychoses: a systematic review. Psychol Med 39:1065\u20131076","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1270_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-011-0219-1","volume":"262","author":"V Peralta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peralta V, Basterra V, Campos MS, de Jalon EG, Moreno-Izco L, Cuesta MJ (2012) Characterization of spontaneous parkinsonism in drug-naive patients with nonaffective psychotic disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 262:131\u2013138","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1270_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1159\/000339456","volume":"66","author":"S Walther","year":"2012","unstructured":"Walther S, Strik W (2012) Motor symptoms and schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 66:77\u201392","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"1270_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.10.022","volume":"169","author":"D Hirjak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hirjak D, Thomann PA, Kubera KM, Wolf ND, Sambataro F, Wolf RC (2015) Motor dysfunction within the schizophrenia-spectrum: a dimensional step towards an underappreciated domain. Schizophr Res 169:217\u2013233","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1270_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn126","volume":"35","author":"PF Whitty","year":"2009","unstructured":"Whitty PF, Owoeye O, Waddington JL (2009) Neurological signs and involuntary movements in schizophrenia: intrinsic to and informative on systems pathobiology. Schizophr Bull 35:415\u2013424","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1270_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa007","volume":"46","author":"RC Wolf","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wolf RC, Rashidi M, Fritze S, Kubera KM, Northoff G, Sambataro F, Calhoun VD, Geiger LS, Tost H, Hirjak D (2020) A neural signature of parkinsonism in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a multimodal mri study using parallel ica. Schizophr Bull 46:999\u20131008","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1270_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-0373-y","volume":"41","author":"JL Waddington","year":"2020","unstructured":"Waddington JL (2020) Psychosis in parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonism in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia spectrum psychosis: clinical, nosological and pathobiological challenges. Acta Pharmacol Sin 41:464\u2013470","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"1270_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.03.004","volume":"231","author":"RC Wolf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wolf RC, Kubera KM, Waddington JL, Schmitgen MM, Fritze S, Rashidi M, Thieme CE, Sambataro F, Geiger LS, Tost H, Hirjak D (2021) A neurodevelopmental signature of parkinsonism in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 231:54\u201360","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1270_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X02000109","volume":"25","author":"G Northoff","year":"2002","unstructured":"Northoff G (2002) What catatonia can tell us about \u201ctop-down modulation\u201d: A neuropsychiatric hypothesis. Behav Brain Sci 25:555\u2013577 (discussion 578-604)","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"1270_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.03.004","volume":"101","author":"MM McGregor","year":"2019","unstructured":"McGregor MM, Nelson AB (2019) Circuit mechanisms of parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuron 101:1042\u20131056","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1270_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.03.004","volume":"231","author":"RC Wolf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wolf RC, Kubera KM, Waddington JL, Schmitgen MM, Fritze S, Rashidi M, Thieme CE, Sambataro F, Geiger LS, Tost H, Hirjak D (2021) A neurodevelopmental signature of parkinsonism in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 231:54\u201360","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1270_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.02.065","volume":"113","author":"JE Iglesias","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iglesias JE, Van Leemput K, Bhatt P, Casillas C, Dutt S, Schuff N, Truran-Sacrey D, Boxer A, Fischl B, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging I (2015) Bayesian segmentation of brainstem structures in mri. Neuroimage 113:184\u2013195","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1270_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.026773","volume":"191","author":"TM Hyde","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hyde TM, Goldberg TE, Egan MF, Lener MC, Weinberger DR (2007) Frontal release signs and cognition in people with schizophrenia, their siblings and healthy controls. Br J Psychiatry 191:120\u2013125","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1270_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz042","volume":"46","author":"D Hirjak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hirjak D, Kubera KM, Wolf RC, Northoff G (2020) Going back to kahlbaum\u2019s psychomotor (and gabaergic) origins: Is catatonia more than just a motor and dopaminergic syndrome? Schizophr Bull 46:272\u2013285","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1270_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.10.031","volume":"92","author":"W Wei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wei W, Wang XJ (2016) Inhibitory control in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit: complex modulation and its interplay with working memory and decision-making. Neuron 92:1093\u20131105","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1270_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.12.004","volume":"197","author":"CK Walker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Walker CK, Roche JK, Sinha V, Roberts RC (2018) Substantia nigra ultrastructural pathology in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 197:209\u2013218","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1270_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.05.021","volume":"81","author":"TV Maia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maia TV, Frank MJ (2017) An integrative perspective on the role of dopamine in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 81:52\u201366","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1270_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","volume":"9","author":"RC Oldfield","year":"1971","unstructured":"Oldfield RC (1971) The assessment and analysis of handedness: the edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 9:97\u2013113","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1270_CR19","unstructured":"Sass H., Wittchen H.U., Zaudig M., I. H (2003) Diagnostisches und statistisches manual psychischer st\u00f6rungen dsm-iv-tr: Textrevision. Hogrefe Verlag; Auflage: 1 (1. Januar 2003)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1270_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby192","volume":"45","author":"D Hirjak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hirjak D, Kubera KM, Northoff G, Fritze S, Bertolino AL, Topor CE, Schmitgen MM, Wolf RC (2019) Cortical contributions to distinct symptom dimensions of catatonia. Schizophr Bull 45(6):1184\u20131194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sby192","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"1270_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz042","volume":"46","author":"D Hirjak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hirjak D, Rashidi M, Kubera KM, Northoff G, Fritze S, Schmitgen MM, Sambataro F, Calhoun VD, Wolf RC (2020) Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging data fusion reveals distinct patterns of abnormal brain structure and function in catatonia. Schizophr Bull 46(1):202\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbz042","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1270_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01064966","volume":"61","author":"SR Kay","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kay SR (1990) Positive-negative symptom assessment in schizophrenia: psychometric issues and scale comparison. Psychiatr Q 61:163\u2013178","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"1270_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1962.10.3.799","volume":"10","author":"JE Overall","year":"1962","unstructured":"Overall JE, Gorham DR (1962) The brief psychiatric rating scale (bprs). Psychol Rep 10:799\u2013812","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"1270_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guy W (1976) Clinical global impressions, ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology, revised (DHEW Publ. No. ADM 76-338). National Institute of Mental Health, Rockville, pp 218\u2013222","DOI":"10.1037\/e591322011-001"},{"key":"1270_CR25","volume-title":"Gaf-skala: global assessment of functioning scale","author":"DSM-III.R. DKuDddusMpSr","year":"1989","unstructured":"DSM-III.R. DKuDddusMpSr (1989) Gaf-skala: global assessment of functioning scale. Beltz, Weinheim"},{"key":"1270_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1970.tb02066.x","volume":"212","author":"GM Simpson","year":"1970","unstructured":"Simpson GM, Angus JW (1970) A rating scale for extrapyramidal side effects. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 212:11\u201319","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"1270_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-016-0136-7","volume":"88","author":"D Hirjak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hirjak D, Thomann PA, Northoff G, Kubera KM, Wolf RC (2017) german version of the northoff catatonia rating scale (ncrs-dv): a validated instrument for measuring catatonic symptoms. Nervenarzt 88:787\u2013796","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"1270_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199905)14:3<404::AID-MDS1004>3.0.CO;2-5","volume":"14","author":"G Northoff","year":"1999","unstructured":"Northoff G, Koch A, Wenke J, Eckert J, Boker H, Pflug B, Bogerts B (1999) Catatonia as a psychomotor syndrome: a rating scale and extrapyramidal motor symptoms. Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc 14:404\u2013416","journal-title":"Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc"},{"key":"1270_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv037","volume":"41","author":"S Leucht","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leucht S, Samara M, Heres S, Patel MX, Furukawa T, Cipriani A, Geddes J, Davis JM (2015) Dose equivalents for second-generation antipsychotic drugs: the classical mean dose method. Schizophr Bull 41:1397\u20131402","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1270_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt125","volume":"40","author":"MJ Cuesta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cuesta MJ, Sanchez-Torres AM, de Jalon EG, Campos MS, Ibanez B, Moreno-Izco L, Peralta V (2014) Spontaneous parkinsonism is associated with cognitive impairment in antipsychotic-naive patients with first-episode psychosis: a 6-month follow-up study. Schizophr Bull 40:1164\u20131173","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1270_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2018.04.009","volume":"277","author":"V Molina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Molina V, Lubeiro A, Blanco J, Blanco JA, Rodriguez M, Rodriguez-Campos A, de Luis-Garcia R (2018) Parkinsonism is associated to fronto-caudate disconnectivity and cognition in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 277:1\u20136","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"1270_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh015","volume":"127","author":"P Dazzan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dazzan P, Morgan KD, Orr KG, Hutchinson G, Chitnis X, Suckling J, Fearon P, Salvo J, McGuire PK, Mallett RM, Jones PB, Leff J, Murray RM (2004) The structural brain correlates of neurological soft signs in aesop first-episode psychoses study. Brain 127:143\u2013153","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1270_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.03.024","volume":"41","author":"AR Khan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Khan AR, Wang L, Beg MF (2008) Freesurfer-initiated fully-automated subcortical brain segmentation in mri using large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping. Neuroimage 41:735\u2013746","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1270_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200033797","volume":"97","author":"B Fischl","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fischl B, Dale AM (2000) Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:11050\u201311055","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1270_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0396","volume":"9","author":"B Fischl","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fischl B, Sereno MI, Dale AM (1999) Cortical surface-based analysis. Ii: inflation, flattening, and a surface-based coordinate system. Neuroimage 9:195\u2013207","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1270_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395","volume":"9","author":"AM Dale","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dale AM, Fischl B, Sereno MI (1999) Cortical surface-based analysis. I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction. Neuroimage 9:179\u2013194","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1270_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.06.018","volume":"23","author":"RL Buckner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Buckner RL, Head D, Parker J, Fotenos AF, Marcus D, Morris JC, Snyder AZ (2004) A unified approach for morphometric and functional data analysis in young, old, and demented adults using automated atlas-based head size normalization: reliability and validation against manual measurement of total intracranial volume. Neuroimage 23:724\u2013738","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1270_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J Royal Stat Soc Series B (Methodological), 57(1), 289\u2013300. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2346101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"1270_CR39","volume-title":"Neuroanatomy, superior and inferior olivary nucleus (superior and inferior olivary complex)","author":"MS Paul","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paul MS, Das JS (2020) Neuroanatomy, superior and inferior olivary nucleus (superior and inferior olivary complex). Statpearls, Treasure Island (FL)"},{"key":"1270_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.65.1.65","volume":"65","author":"A Schrag","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schrag A, Kingsley D, Phatouros C, Mathias CJ, Lees AJ, Daniel SE, Quinn NP (1998) Clinical usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging in multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65:65\u201371","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1270_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-020-00675-4","volume":"30","author":"M Suzuki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suzuki M, Nakamura T, Hirayama M, Ueda M, Imai E, Harada Y, Katsuno M (2020) Relationship between cardiac parasympathetic dysfunction and the anteroposterior diameter of the medulla oblongata in multiple system atrophy. Clin Auton Res 30:231\u2013238","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"1270_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.025","volume":"224","author":"S Fritze","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fritze S, Thieme CE, Kubera KM, Northoff G, Schmitgen MM, Wolf RC, Hirjak D (2020) Brainstem alterations contribute to catatonia in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res 224:82\u201387","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1270_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4016","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17376-1","volume":"11","author":"T Elvsashagen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elvsashagen T, Bahrami S, van der Meer D, Agartz I, Alnaes D, Barch DM, Baur-Streubel R, Bertolino A, Beyer MK, Blasi G, Borgwardt S, Boye B, Buitelaar J, Boen E, Celius EG, Cervenka S, Conzelmann A, Coynel D, Di Carlo P, Djurovic S, Eisenacher S, Espeseth T, Fatouros-Bergman H, Flyckt L, Franke B, Frei O, Gelao B, Harbo HF, Hartman CA, Haberg A, Heslenfeld D, Hoekstra PJ, Hogestol EA, Jonassen R, Jonsson EG, Kirsch P, Kloszewska I, Lagerberg TV, Landro NI, Le Hellard S, Lesch KP, Maglanoc LA, Malt UF, Mecocci P, Melle I, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Moberget T, Nordvik JE, Nyberg L, Connell KSO, Oosterlaan J, Papalino M, Papassotiropoulos A, Pauli P, Pergola G, Persson K, de Quervain D, Reif A, Rokicki J, van Rooij D, Shadrin AA, Schmidt A, Schwarz E, Selbaek G, Soininen H, Sowa P, Steen VM, Tsolaki M, Vellas B, Wang L, Westman E, Ziegler GC, Zink M, Andreassen OA, Westlye LT, Kaufmann T, Karolinska Schizophrenia Project c (2020) The genetic architecture of human brainstem structures and their involvement in common brain disorders. Nat Commun 11:4016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1270_CR44","first-page":"1040","volume":"5","author":"RA McCutcheon","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCutcheon RA, Jauhar S, Pepper F, Nour MM, Rogdaki M, Veronese M, Turkheimer FE, Egerton A, McGuire P, Mehta MM, Howes OD (2020) The topography of striatal dopamine and symptoms in psychosis: An integrative positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 5:1040\u20131051","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"1270_CR45","volume-title":"Neuroanatomy, putamen","author":"M Ghandili","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghandili M, Munakomi S (2020) Neuroanatomy, putamen. Statpearls, Treasure Island (FL)"},{"key":"1270_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2006.10.002","volume":"154","author":"A Glenthoj","year":"2007","unstructured":"Glenthoj A, Glenthoj BY, Mackeprang T, Pagsberg AK, Hemmingsen RP, Jernigan TL, Baare WF (2007) Basal ganglia volumes in drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia patients before and after short-term treatment with either a typical or an atypical antipsychotic drug. Psychiatry Res 154:199\u2013208","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1270_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.12.1711","volume":"155","author":"RE Gur","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gur RE, Maany V, Mozley PD, Swanson C, Bilker W, Gur RC (1998) Subcortical mri volumes in neuroleptic-naive and treated patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 155:1711\u20131717","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1270_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.08.032","volume":"145","author":"JJ Levitt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Levitt JJ, Rosow LK, Nestor PG, Pelavin PE, Swisher TM, McCarley RW, Shenton ME (2013) A volumetric mri study of limbic, associative and sensorimotor striatal subregions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 145:11\u201319","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1270_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00484","volume":"14","author":"HG Andersen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andersen HG, Raghava JM, Svarer C, Wulff S, Johansen LB, Antonsen PK, Nielsen MO, Rostrup E, Vernon AC, Jensen LT, Pinborg LH, Glenthoj BY, Ebdrup BH (2020) Striatal volume increase after six weeks of selective dopamine d2\/3 receptor blockade in first-episode, antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia patients. Front Neurosci 14:484","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1270_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4126","volume":"76","author":"Q Luo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luo Q, Chen Q, Wang W, Desrivieres S, Quinlan EB, Jia T, Macare C, Robert GH, Cui J, Guedj M, Palaniyappan L, Kherif F, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Buchel C, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Artiges E, Paillere-Martinot ML, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Poustka L, Frohner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Callicott JH, Mattay VS, Pausova Z, Dartigues JF, Tzourio C, Crivello F, Berman KF, Li F, Paus T, Weinberger DR, Murray RM, Schumann G, Feng J, consortium I, (2019) Association of a schizophrenia-risk nonsynonymous variant with putamen volume in adolescents: a voxelwise and genome-wide association study. JAMA Psychiat 76:435\u2013445","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"1270_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.19101099","volume":"177","author":"AS Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang AS, Rogers BP, Sheffield JM, Jalbrzikowski ME, Anticevic A, Blackford JU, Heckers S, Woodward ND (2020) Thalamic nuclei volumes in psychotic disorders and in youths with psychosis spectrum symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 177:1159\u20131167","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1270_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00940-0","volume":"10","author":"S Grama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grama S, Willcocks I, Hubert JJ, Pardinas AF, Legge SE, Bracher-Smith M, Menzies GE, Hall LS, Pocklington AJ, Anney RJL, Bray NJ, Escott-Price V, Caseras X (2020) Polygenic risk for schizophrenia and subcortical brain anatomy in the uk biobank cohort. Transl Psychiatry 10:309","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"1270_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(88)90067-4","volume":"23","author":"HA Youssef","year":"1988","unstructured":"Youssef HA, Waddington JL (1988) Primitive (developmental) reflexes and diffuse cerebral dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder: overrepresentation in patients with tardive dyskinesia. Biol Psychiatry 23:791\u2013796","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1270_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.5.558","volume":"74","author":"JM Schott","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schott JM, Rossor MN (2003) The grasp and other primitive reflexes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74:558\u2013560","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1270_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2005.01578.x","volume":"39","author":"M Walterfang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Walterfang M, Velakoulis D (2005) Cortical release signs in psychiatry. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 39:317\u2013327","journal-title":"Aust NZ J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1270_CR56","first-page":"692","volume":"29","author":"GW Paulson","year":"1968","unstructured":"Paulson GW (1968) An evaluation of the permanence of the \u201ctardive dyskinesias.\u201d Dis Nerv Syst 29:692\u2013694","journal-title":"Dis Nerv Syst"},{"key":"1270_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/91.1.37","volume":"91","author":"G Paulson","year":"1968","unstructured":"Paulson G, Gottlieb G (1968) Development reflexes: the reappearance of fetal and neonatal reflexes in aged patients. Brain 91:37\u201352","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1270_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2016-0067","volume":"28","author":"AA Moustafa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moustafa AA, McMullan RD, Rostron B, Hewedi DH, Haladjian HH (2017) The thalamus as a relay station and gatekeeper: relevance to brain disorders. Rev Neurosci 28:203\u2013218","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1270_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0248-4","volume":"185","author":"SK Praharaj","year":"2006","unstructured":"Praharaj SK, Arora M, Gandotra S (2006) Clozapine-induced sialorrhea: pathophysiology and management strategies. Psychopharmacology 185:265\u2013273","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1270_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.01.011","volume":"87","author":"D Hirjak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hirjak D, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Kubera KM, Thomann PA, Wolf RC (2018) Motor dysfunction as research domain in the period preceding manifest schizophrenia: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 87:87\u2013105","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1270_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2010.05.009","volume":"52","author":"V Peralta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peralta V, Cuesta MJ (2011) Neuromotor abnormalities in neuroleptic-naive psychotic patients: antecedents, clinical correlates, and prediction of treatment response. Compr Psychiatry 52:139\u2013145","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1270_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.026","volume":"89","author":"OB Smeland","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smeland OB, Shadrin A, Bahrami S, Broce I, Tesli M, Frei O, Wirgenes KV, O\u2019Connell KS, Krull F, Bettella F, Steen NE, Sugrue L, Wang Y, Svenningsson P, Sharma M, Pihlstrom L, Toft M, O\u2019Donovan M, Djurovic S, Desikan R, Dale AM, Andreassen OA (2021) Genome-wide association analysis of parkinson\u2019s disease and schizophrenia reveals shared genetic architecture and identifies novel risk loci. Biol Psychiatry 89:227\u2013235","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1270_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.08.005","volume":"56","author":"GJ Kirouac","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kirouac GJ (2015) Placing the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus within the brain circuits that control behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 56:315\u2013329","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1270_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(86)90021-3","volume":"26","author":"DM Armstrong","year":"1986","unstructured":"Armstrong DM (1986) Supraspinal contributions to the initiation and control of locomotion in the cat. Prog Neurobiol 26:273\u2013361","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"}],"container-title":["European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-021-01270-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00406-021-01270-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-021-01270-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T14:12:30Z","timestamp":1675260750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00406-021-01270-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-021-01270-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-1334","1433-8491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-1334","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-8491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have declared that there are no conflicts of interest in relation to the subject of this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}