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However, there is still a shortage of cost-of-illness-studies assessing costs from a broad societal perspective, including direct and indirect costs. Further, there are considerable differences in the results among the existing studies. In the present study, 167 German men and women seeking specialized outpatient treatment for BPD were included. We assessed societal cost-of-illness bottom-up through structured face-to-face interviews and encompassed a wide range of cost components. All costs were calculated for the 2015 price level. Cost-of-illness amounted to \u20ac 31,130 per patient and year preceding disorder-specific outpatient treatment. \u20ac 17,044 (54.8%) were direct costs that were mostly related to hospital treatment. Indirect costs amounted to \u20ac 14,086 (45.2%). Within indirect costs, costs related to work disability were the most crucial cost driver. The present study underlines the tremendous economic burden of BPD. According to the present study, both the direct and indirect costs are of significant importance for the societal costs associated with BPD. Besides the need for more disorder-specific treatment facilities for men and women with BPD, we assume that education and employment are topics that should be specifically targeted and individually supported at an early stage of treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Trial Registration: German Clinical Trial Registration, DRKS00011534, Date of Registration: 11\/01\/2017, retrospectively registered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-021-01332-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T01:16:51Z","timestamp":1633396611000},"page":"741-752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["The societal cost of treatment-seeking patients with borderline personality disorder in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"272","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8254-791X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Till","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nele","family":"Assmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"K\u00f6hne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Schaich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Alvarez-Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Borgwardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnoud","family":"Arntz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Schweiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Fassbinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1332_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0939-x","volume":"16","author":"M Ten Have","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ten Have M, Verheul R, Kassenbrood A, Van Dorsselaer S, Tuithof M, Kleinjan M, De Graaf R (2016) Prevalence rates of borderline personality disorder symptoms: a study based on the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study. 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