{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T11:10:04Z","timestamp":1782817804781,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"lundbeck a\/s"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005788","name":"Medical University of Vienna","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005788","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Due to favorable antidepressant (AD) efficacy and tolerability, selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are consistently recommended as substances of first choice for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in international guidelines. However, little is known about the real-world clinical correlates of patients primarily prescribed SSRIs in contrast to those receiving alternative first-line ADs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These secondary analyses are based on a naturalistic, multinational cross-sectional study conducted by the European Group for the Study of Resistant Depression at ten research sites. We compared the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of 1410 patients with primary MDD, who were either prescribed SSRIs or alternative substances as first-line AD treatment, using chi-squared tests, analyses of covariance, and logistic regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>SSRIs were prescribed in 52.1% of MDD patients who showed lower odds for unemployment, current severity of depressive symptoms, melancholic features, suicidality, as well as current inpatient treatment compared to patients receiving alternative first-line ADs. Furthermore, patients prescribed SSRIs less likely received add-on therapies including AD combination and augmentation with antipsychotics, and exhibited a trend towards higher response rates.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A more favorable socio-demographic and clinical profile associated with SSRIs in contrast to alternative first-line ADs may have guided European psychiatrists\u2019 treatment choice for SSRIs, rather than any relevant pharmacological differences\u00a0in mechanisms of action of the investigated ADs. Our results must be cautiously interpreted in light of predictable biases resulting from the open treatment selection, the possible allocation of less severely ill patients to SSRIs as well as the cross-sectional study design that does not allow to ascertain any causal conclusions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-021-01368-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T05:03:06Z","timestamp":1641445386000},"page":"715-727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The sociodemographic and clinical profile of patients with major depressive disorder receiving SSRIs as first-line antidepressant treatment in European countries"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"272","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9249-341X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gernot","family":"Fugger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucie","family":"Bartova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Fabbri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Fanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Dold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marleen Margret Mignon","family":"Swoboda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kautzky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Zohar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Souery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Mendlewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Rujescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Serretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siegfried","family":"Kasper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1368_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.12.004","volume":"85","author":"HS Akiskal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Akiskal HS, Benazzi F, Perugi G, Rihmer Z (2005) Agitated \u201cunipolar\u201d depression re-conceptualized as a depressive mixed state: Implications for the antidepressant-suicide controversy. J Affect Disord 85:245\u2013258","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1368_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-859X-13-8","volume":"13","author":"S Ball","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ball S, Classi P, Dennehy EB (2014) What happens next? A claims database study of second-line pharmacotherapy in patients with major depressive disorder (mdd) who initiate selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment. Ann Gen Psychiatry 13:8","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1368_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2019.1635270","volume":"20","author":"L Bartova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bartova L, Dold M, Kautzky A, Fabbri C, Spies M, Serretti A, Souery D, Mendlewicz J, Zohar J, Montgomery S, Schosser A, Kasper S (2019) Results of the european group for the study of resistant depression (gsrd)\u2014basis for further research and clinical practice. World J Biol Psychiatry 20:427\u2013448","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1368_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.06.028","volume":"141","author":"L Bartova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bartova L, Fugger G, Dold M, Swoboda MMM, Zohar J, Mendlewicz J, Souery D, Montgomery S, Fabbri C, Serretti A, Kasper S (2021) Combining psychopharmacotherapy and psychotherapy is not associated with better treatment outcome in major depressive disorder\u2014evidence from the european group for the study of resistant depression. J Psychiatr Res 141:167\u2013175","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1368_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauer M, Severus E, M\u00f6ller HJ, Young AH, WFSBP Task Force on Unipolar Depressive Disorders (2017) Pharmacological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders: summary of WFSBP guidelines. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 21(3):166\u2013176","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2017.1306082"},{"key":"1368_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000085408.08426.05","volume":"23","author":"K Behnke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Behnke K, Sogaard J, Martin S, Bauml J, Ravindran AV, Agren H, Vester-Blokland ED (2003) Mirtazapine orally disintegrating tablet versus sertraline: A prospective onset of action study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 23:358\u2013364","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1368_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v61n0911","volume":"61","author":"O Benkert","year":"2000","unstructured":"Benkert O, Szegedi A, Kohnen R (2000) Mirtazapine compared with paroxetine in major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 61:656\u2013663","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1368_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.52","volume":"33","author":"KL Bigos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bigos KL, Pollock BG, Aizenstein HJ, Fisher PM, Bies RR, Hariri AR (2008) Acute 5-ht reuptake blockade potentiates human amygdala reactivity. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:3221\u20133225","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1368_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881113494937","volume":"27","author":"AJ Bradley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bradley AJ, Lenox-Smith AJ (2013) Does adding noradrenaline reuptake inhibition to selective serotonin reuptake inhibition improve efficacy in patients with depression? A systematic review of meta-analyses and large randomised pragmatic trials. J Psychopharmacol 27:740\u2013758","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1368_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1159\/000447034","volume":"85","author":"AF Carvalho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carvalho AF, Sharma MS, Brunoni AR, Vieta E, Fava GA (2016) The safety, tolerability and risks associated with the use of newer generation antidepressant drugs: a critical review of the literature. Psychother Psychosom 85:270\u2013288","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"1368_CR11","first-page":"420","volume":"16","author":"A Cipriani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Chaimani A, Atkinson LZ, Ogawa Y, Leucht S, Ruhe HG, Turner EH, Higgins JPT, Egger M, Takeshima N, Hayasaka Y, Imai H, Shinohara K, Tajika A, Ioannidis JPA, Geddes JR (2018) Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ) 16:420\u2013429","journal-title":"Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ)"},{"key":"1368_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60046-5","volume":"373","author":"A Cipriani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Geddes JR, Higgins JP, Churchill R, Watanabe N, Nakagawa A, Omori IM, McGuire H, Tansella M, Barbui C (2009) Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet 373:746\u2013758","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1368_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125317737264","volume":"8","author":"SS Clevenger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clevenger SS, Malhotra D, Dang J, Vanle B, IsHak WW (2018) The role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in preventing relapse of major depressive disorder. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 8:49\u201358","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1368_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20460","volume":"16","author":"P Courtet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Courtet P, Lopez-Castroman J (2017) Antidepressants and suicide risk in depression. World Psychiatry 16:317\u2013318","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"1368_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0b013e32834ce13f","volume":"27","author":"VA de Silva","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Silva VA, Hanwella R (2012) Efficacy and tolerability of venlafaxine versus specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment of major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis of published studies. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 27:8\u201316","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1368_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2021.110285","volume":"110","author":"M Dold","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dold M, Bartova L, Fugger G, Kautzky A, Mitschek MMM, Fabbri C, Montgomery S, Zohar J, Souery D, Mendlewicz J, Serretti A, Kasper S (2021) Melancholic features in major depression\u2014a European multicenter study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 110:110285","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1368_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyy009","volume":"2","author":"M Dold","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dold M, Bartova L, Fugger G, Kautzky A, Souery D, Mendlewicz J, Papadimitriou GN, Dikeos DG, Porcelli S, Serretti A, Zohar J, Montgomery S, Kasper S (2018) Major depression and the degree of suicidality: results of the European group for the study of resistant depression (gsrd). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2:539\u2013549","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"1368_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2016.1248852","volume":"21","author":"M Dold","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dold M, Kasper S (2017) Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of treatment-resistant unipolar depression. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 21:13\u201323","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract"},{"key":"1368_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.10.005","volume":"26","author":"M Dold","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dold M, Kautzky A, Bartova L, Rabl U, Souery D, Mendlewicz J, Porcelli S, Serretti A, Zohar J, Montgomery S, Kasper S (2016) Pharmacological treatment strategies in unipolar depression in European tertiary psychiatric treatment centers\u2014a pharmacoepidemiological cross-sectional multicenter study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 26:1960\u20131971","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"1368_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.03.008","volume":"116","author":"BW Dunlop","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dunlop BW, Granros M, Lechner A, Mletzko-Crowe T, Nemeroff CB, Mayberg HS, Craighead WE (2019) Recall accuracy for the symptoms of a major depressive episode among clinical trial participants. J Psychiatr Res 116:178\u2013184","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1368_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145711000083","volume":"14","author":"JM Dupuy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dupuy JM, Ostacher MJ, Huffman J, Perlis RH, Nierenberg AA (2011) A critical review of pharmacotherapy for major depressive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 14:1417\u20131431","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"1368_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-859X-12-26","volume":"12","author":"KN Fountoulakis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fountoulakis KN, Veroniki AA, Siamouli M, Moller HJ (2013) No role for initial severity on the efficacy of antidepressants: Results of a multi-meta-analysis. Ann Gen Psychiatry 12:26","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1368_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1943","volume":"303","author":"JC Fournier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fournier JC, DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, Dimidjian S, Amsterdam JD, Shelton RC, Fawcett J (2010) Antidepressant drug effects and depression severity: a patient-level meta-analysis. JAMA 303:47\u201353","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1368_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frazer A, Blier P (2016) A neuroscience-based nomenclature (NbN) for psychotropic agents. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 19(8):1\u20132","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyw066"},{"key":"1368_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0231700","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231700","volume":"15","author":"FC Gabriel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gabriel FC, de Melo DO, Fraguas R, Leite-Santos NC, Mantovani da Silva RA, Ribeiro E (2020) Pharmacological treatment of depression: A systematic review comparing clinical practice guideline recommendations. PLoS ONE 15:e0231700","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1368_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-10-200811180-00008","volume":"149","author":"G Gartlehner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gartlehner G, Gaynes BN, Hansen RA, Thieda P, DeVeaugh-Geiss A, Krebs EE, Moore CG, Morgan L, Lohr KN (2008) Comparative benefits and harms of second-generation antidepressants: background paper for the American college of physicians. Ann Intern Med 149:734\u2013750","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1368_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.03.029","volume":"287","author":"FH Gronemann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gronemann FH, Petersen J, Alulis S, Jensen KJ, Riise J, Ankarfeldt MZ, Solem EJ, Bodker N, Osler M (2021) Treatment patterns in patients with treatment-resistant depression in Danish patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 287:204\u2013213","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1368_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.3650","volume":"78","author":"J Guidi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guidi J, Fava GA (2021) Sequential combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy in major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiat 78:261\u2013269","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"1368_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119827888","volume":"33","author":"JD Hafferty","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hafferty JD, Wigmore EM, Howard DM, Adams MJ, Clarke TK, Campbell AI, MacIntyre DJ, Nicodemus KK, Lawrie SM, Porteous DJ, McIntosh AM (2019) Pharmaco-epidemiology of antidepressant exposure in a UK cohort record-linkage study. J Psychopharmacol 33:482\u2013493","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1368_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","volume":"23","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hamilton M (1960) A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 23:56\u201362","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1368_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.070219","volume":"196","author":"K Hawton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hawton K, Bergen H, Simkin S, Cooper J, Waters K, Gunnell D, Kapur N (2010) Toxicity of antidepressants: rates of suicide relative to prescribing and non-fatal overdose. Br J Psychiatry 196:354\u2013358","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1368_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.03.021","volume":"180","author":"Y Hayasaka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hayasaka Y, Purgato M, Magni LR, Ogawa Y, Takeshima N, Cipriani A, Barbui C, Leucht S, Furukawa TA (2015) Dose equivalents of antidepressants: evidence-based recommendations from randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord 180:179\u2013184","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1368_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1159\/000502295","volume":"88","author":"JF Hayes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hayes JF, Lewis G, Lewis G (2019) Newer-generation antidepressants and suicide risk. Psychother Psychosom 88:371\u2013372","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"1368_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1159\/000501215","volume":"88","author":"MP Hengartner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hengartner MP, Ploderl M (2019) Newer-generation antidepressants and suicide risk in randomized controlled trials: a re-analysis of the FDA database. Psychother Psychosom 88:247\u2013248","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"1368_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30216-0","volume":"6","author":"F Hieronymus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hieronymus F, Lisinski A, Nilsson S, Eriksson E (2019) Influence of baseline severity on the effects of SSRIs in depression: An item-based, patient-level post-hoc analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 6:745\u2013752","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"1368_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2017.1304445","volume":"46","author":"SG Hofmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hofmann SG, Curtiss J, Carpenter JK, Kind S (2017) Effect of treatments for depression on quality of life: a meta-analysis. Cogn Behav Ther 46:265\u2013286","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Ther"},{"key":"1368_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414525837","volume":"48","author":"KL Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang KL, Lu WC, Wang YY, Hu GC, Lu CH, Lee WY, Hsu CC (2014) Comparison of agomelatine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors\/serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of head-to-head randomized clinical trials. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 48:663\u2013671","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1368_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01173-4","volume":"271","author":"H Imai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Imai H, Noma H, Furukawa TA (2021) Melancholic features (dsm-iv) predict but do not moderate response to antidepressants in major depression: an individual participant data meta-analysis of 1219 patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 271:521\u2013526","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1368_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S204265","volume":"15","author":"DH Jaffe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jaffe DH, Rive B, Denee TR (2019) The burden of suicidal ideation across Europe: a cross-sectional survey in five countries. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 15:2257\u20132271","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"1368_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.107","volume":"266","author":"JA Kaminski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaminski JA, Bschor T (2020) Antidepressants and suicidality: a re-analysis of the re-analysis. J Affect Disord 266:95\u201399","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1368_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasper S, Cubala WJ, Fagiolini A, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Souery D, Young AH (2020) Practical recommendations for the management of treatment-resistant depression with esketamine nasal spray therapy: basic science, evidence-based knowledge and expert guidance. World J Biol Psychiatry 1\u201315","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2020.1836399"},{"key":"1368_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3109\/15622970701691503","volume":"11","author":"S Kasper","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kasper S, Montgomery SA, Moller HJ, van Oers HJ, Jan Schutte A, Vrijland P, van der Meulen EA (2010) Longitudinal analysis of the suicidal behaviour risk in short-term placebo-controlled studies of mirtazapine in major depressive disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 11:36\u201344","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1368_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0b013e32832a8ec8","volume":"24","author":"S Kasper","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kasper S, Sacher J, Klein N, Mossaheb N, Attarbaschi-Steiner T, Lanzenberger R, Spindelegger C, Asenbaum S, Holik A, Dudczak R (2009) Differences in the dynamics of serotonin reuptake transporter occupancy may explain superior clinical efficacy of escitalopram versus citalopram. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 24:119\u2013125","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1368_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-019-01084-z","volume":"271","author":"U Kaur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaur U, Pathak BK, Singh A, Chakrabarti SS (2021) Esketamine: a glimmer of hope in treatment-resistant depression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 271:417\u2013429","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1368_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp19X701405","volume":"69","author":"T Kendrick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kendrick T, Taylor D, Johnson CF (2019) Which first-line antidepressant? Br J Gen Pract 69:114\u2013115","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"1368_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2418-7","volume":"20","author":"DM Kern","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kern DM, Cepeda MS, Defalco F, Etropolski M (2020) Treatment patterns and sequences of pharmacotherapy for patients diagnosed with depression in the United States: 2014 through 2019. BMC Psychiatry 20:4","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"1368_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-4856-1","volume":"235","author":"A Khan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khan A, Fahl Mar K, Gokul S, Brown WA (2018) Decreased suicide rates in recent antidepressant clinical trials. Psychopharmacology 235:1455\u20131462","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1368_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.12.013","volume":"210","author":"S Kolovos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kolovos S, van Tulder MW, Cuijpers P, Prigent A, Chevreul K, Riper H, Bosmans JE (2017) The effect of treatment as usual on major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 210:72\u201381","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1368_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0460-3","volume":"9","author":"C Kraus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kraus C, Kadriu B, Lanzenberger R, Zarate CA Jr, Kasper S (2019) Prognosis and improved outcomes in major depression: a review. Transl Psychiatry 9:127","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"1368_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2016.1254802","volume":"21","author":"C Kraus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kraus C, Rabl U, Vanicek T, Carlberg L, Popovic A, Spies M, Bartova L, Gryglewski G, Papageorgiou K, Lanzenberger R, Willeit M, Winkler D, Rybakowski JK, Kasper S (2017) Administration of ketamine for unipolar and bipolar depression. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 21:2\u201312","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract"},{"key":"1368_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2019.07.007","volume":"24","author":"C Kraus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kraus C, Wasserman D, Henter ID, Acevedo-Diaz E, Kadriu B, Zarate CA Jr (2019) The influence of ketamine on drug discovery in depression. Drug Discov Today 24:2033\u20132043","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"1368_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.144","volume":"18","author":"F Lamers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lamers F, Vogelzangs N, Merikangas KR, de Jonge P, Beekman AT, Penninx BW (2013) Evidence for a differential role of hpa-axis function, inflammation and metabolic syndrome in melancholic versus atypical depression. Mol Psychiatry 18:692\u2013699","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1368_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.11.003","volume":"227","author":"Y Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee Y, Rosenblat JD, Lee J, Carmona NE, Subramaniapillai M, Shekotikhina M, Mansur RB, Brietzke E, Lee JH, Ho RC, Yim SJ, McIntyre RS (2018) Efficacy of antidepressants on measures of workplace functioning in major depressive disorder: a systematic review. J Affect Disord 227:406\u2013415","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1368_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.02.023","volume":"267","author":"RH McAllister-Williams","year":"2020","unstructured":"McAllister-Williams RH, Arango C, Blier P, Demyttenaere K, Falkai P, Gorwood P, Hopwood M, Javed A, Kasper S, Malhi GS, Soares JC, Vieta E, Young AH, Papadopoulos A, Rush AJ (2020) The identification, assessment and management of difficult-to-treat depression: an international consensus statement. J Affect Disord 267:264\u2013282","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1368_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20081251","volume":"178","author":"RS McIntyre","year":"2021","unstructured":"McIntyre RS, Rosenblat JD, Nemeroff CB, Sanacora G, Murrough JW, Berk M, Brietzke E, Dodd S, Gorwood P, Ho R, Iosifescu DV, Lopez Jaramillo C, Kasper S, Kratiuk K, Lee JG, Lee Y, Lui LMW, Mansur RB, Papakostas GI, Subramaniapillai M, Thase M, Vieta E, Young AH, Zarate CA Jr, Stahl S (2021) Synthesizing the evidence for ketamine and esketamine in treatment-resistant depression: an international expert opinion on the available evidence and implementation. Am J Psychiatry 178:383\u2013399","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1368_CR56","unstructured":"Mitschek MMM, Dremel M, Bartova L, Laggner A, Frey R (2021) The toxicity of antidepressants and antipsychotics in comparison with other medication, respectively alcohol (poster; topic: emergency psychiatry; young investigator award). In: 15th World Congress of Biological Psychiatry (virtual, 28\u201330062021)"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"1368_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-008-3002-1","volume":"258","author":"HJ Moller","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moller HJ, Baldwin DS, Goodwin G, Kasper S, Okasha A, Stein DJ, Tandon R, Versiani M, Pharmacopsychiatry WPASo, (2008) Do SSRIs or antidepressants in general increase suicidality? Wpa section on pharmacopsychiatry: consensus statement. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 258(Suppl 3):3\u201323","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1368_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.4.382","volume":"134","author":"SA Montgomery","year":"1979","unstructured":"Montgomery SA, Asberg M (1979) A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 134:382\u2013389","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1368_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0b013e3282eff7e0","volume":"22","author":"SA Montgomery","year":"2007","unstructured":"Montgomery SA, Baldwin DS, Blier P, Fineberg NA, Kasper S, Lader M, Lam RW, Lepine JP, Moller HJ, Nutt DJ, Rouillon F, Schatzberg AF, Thase ME (2007) Which antidepressants have demonstrated superior efficacy? A review of the evidence. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 22:323\u2013329","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1368_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musil R, Seem\u00fcller F, Meyer S, Spellmann I, Adli M, Bauer M, Kronm\u00fcller KT, Brieger P, Laux G, Bender W, Heuser I, Fisher R, Gaebel W, Schennach R, M\u00f6ller HJ, Riedel M (2018) Subtypes of depression and their overlap in a naturalistic inpatient sample of major depressive disorder. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 27(1):e1569","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1569"},{"key":"1368_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09101525","volume":"167","author":"G Parker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parker G, Fink M, Shorter E, Taylor MA, Akiskal H, Berrios G, Bolwig T, Brown WA, Carroll B, Healy D, Klein DF, Koukopoulos A, Michels R, Paris J, Rubin RT, Spitzer R, Swartz C (2010) Issues for dsm-5: Whither melancholia? The case for its classification as a distinct mood disorder. Am J Psychiatry 167:745\u2013747","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1368_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.10.047","volume":"669","author":"M Pinna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pinna M, Manchia M, Oppo R, Scano F, Pillai G, Loche AP, Salis P, Minnai GP (2018) Clinical and biological predictors of response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): a review. Neurosci Lett 669:32\u201342","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"1368_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-018-9369-5","volume":"28","author":"CE Prado","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prado CE, Watt S, Crowe SF (2018) A meta-analysis of the effects of antidepressants on cognitive functioning in depressed and non-depressed samples. Neuropsychol Rev 28:32\u201372","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"1368_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052963","volume":"354","author":"Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Stewart JW, Nierenberg AA, Thase ME, Ritz L, Biggs MM, Warden D, Luther JF, Shores-Wilson K, Niederehe G, Fava M, Team SDS","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Stewart JW, Nierenberg AA, Thase ME, Ritz L, Biggs MM, Warden D, Luther JF, Shores-Wilson K, Niederehe G, Fava M, Team SDS (2006) Bupropion-sr, sertraline, or venlafaxine-xr after failure of SSRIs for depression. N Engl J Med 354:1231\u20131242","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1368_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanders Benjamin AQB (2021) Intranasal esketamine: From origins to future implications in treatment-resistant depression. J Psychiatr Res 137:29\u201335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.02.020"},{"key":"1368_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2012.02.006","volume":"22","author":"A Schosser","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schosser A, Serretti A, Souery D, Mendlewicz J, Zohar J, Montgomery S, Kasper S (2012) European group for the study of resistant depression (gsrd)\u2013where have we gone so far: Review of clinical and genetic findings. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 22:453\u2013468","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"1368_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145708009139","volume":"12","author":"F Seemuller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Seemuller F, Riedel M, Obermeier M, Bauer M, Adli M, Mundt C, Holsboer F, Brieger P, Laux G, Bender W, Heuser I, Zeiler J, Gaebel W, Jager M, Henkel V, Moller HJ (2009) The controversial link between antidepressants and suicidality risks in adults: data from a naturalistic study on a large sample of in-patients with a major depressive episode. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 12:181\u2013189","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"Suppl 20","key":"1368_CR68","first-page":"22","volume":"59","author":"DV Sheehan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC (1998) The mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (m.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for dsm-iv and icd-10. J Clin Psychiatry 59(Suppl 20):22\u201333","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1368_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n0713","volume":"68","author":"Souery D, Oswald P, Massat I, Bailer U, Bollen J, Demyttenaere K, Kasper S, Lecrubier Y, Montgomery S, Serretti A, Zohar J, Mendlewicz J, Group for the Study of Resistant D","year":"2007","unstructured":"Souery D, Oswald P, Massat I, Bailer U, Bollen J, Demyttenaere K, Kasper S, Lecrubier Y, Montgomery S, Serretti A, Zohar J, Mendlewicz J, Group for the Study of Resistant D (2007) Clinical factors associated with treatment resistance in major depressive disorder: results from a European multicenter study. J Clin Psychiatry 68:1062\u20131070","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1368_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120953983","volume":"34","author":"J Undurraga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Undurraga J, Vazquez GH, Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ (2020) Antidepressant responses in direct comparisons of melancholic and non-melancholic depression. J Psychopharmacol 34:1335\u20131341","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1368_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.088","volume":"265","author":"MP Valerio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Valerio MP, Szmulewicz AG, Martino DJ (2018) A quantitative review on outcome-to-antidepressants in melancholic unipolar depression. Psychiatry Res 265:100\u2013110","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1368_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2021.19.2.341","volume":"19","author":"SM Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang SM, Kim NY, Na HR, Lim HK, Woo YS, Pae CU, Bahk WM (2021) Rapid onset of intranasal esketamine in patients with treatment resistant depression and major depression with suicide ideation: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 19:341\u2013354","journal-title":"Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci"},{"key":"1368_CR73","volume-title":"Skid-i, strukturiertes klinisches interview f\u00fcr dsm-iv","author":"H Wittchen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wittchen H, Wunderlich U, Gruschwitz S, Zaudig M (1997) Skid-i, strukturiertes klinisches interview f\u00fcr dsm-iv. Hogrefe G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"key":"1368_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.08.019","volume":"25","author":"J Zohar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zohar J, Stahl S, Moller HJ, Blier P, Kupfer D, Yamawaki S, Uchida H, Spedding M, Goodwin GM, Nutt D (2015) A review of the current nomenclature for psychotropic agents and an introduction to the neuroscience-based nomenclature. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 25:2318\u20132325","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"}],"container-title":["European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-021-01368-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00406-021-01368-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-021-01368-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T06:04:32Z","timestamp":1652249072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00406-021-01368-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-021-01368-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-1334","1433-8491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-1334","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-8491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The present research complies with internationally accepted standards for research practice and reporting, and has been performed with approvals of appropriate ethics committees and with appropriate participants\u2019 informed consent in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Dr. Bartova has received travel grants and consultant\/speaker honoraria from AOP Orphan, Medizin Medien Austria, Vertretungsnetz, Schwabe Austria, Janssen and Angelini. Dr. Fugger has received consultant\/speaker honoraria from Janssen. Dr. Dold has received travel grants and consultant\/speaker honoraria from Janssen-Cilag. Dr. Zohar has received grant\/research support from Lundbeck, Servier, and Pfizer; he has served as a consultant or on the advisory boards for Servier, Pfizer, Solvay, and Actelion; and he has served on speakers\u2019 bureaus for Lundbeck, GlaxoSmithKline, Jazz, and Solvay. Dr. Mendlewicz is a member of the board of the Lundbeck International Neuroscience Foundation and of the advisory board of Servier. Dr. Souery has received grant\/research support from GlaxoSmithKline and Lundbeck; and he has served as a consultant or on advisory boards for AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, and Lundbeck. Dr. Montgomery has served as a consultant or on advisory boards for AstraZeneca, Bionevia, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Forest, GlaxoSmithKline, Grunenthal, Intellect Pharma, Johnson & Johnson, Lilly, Lundbeck, Merck, Merz, M's Science, Neurim, Otsuka, Pierre Fabre, Pfizer, Pharmaneuroboost, Richter, Roche, Sanofi, Sepracor, Servier, Shire, Synosis, Takeda, Theracos, Targacept, Transcept, UBC, Xytis, and Wyeth. Dr. Fabbri has been supported by Fondazione Umberto Veronesi (). Dr. Serretti has served as a consultant or speaker for Abbott, Abbvie, Angelini, AstraZeneca, Clinical Data, Boehringer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Innovapharma, Italfarmaco, Janssen, Lundbeck, Naurex, Pfizer, Polifarma, Sanofi, and Servier. Within the last three years, Dr. Kasper received grants\/research support, consulting fees, and\/or honoraria from Angelini, Celegne GmbH, Eli Lilly, Janssen-Cilag Pharma GmbH, KRKA-Pharma, Lundbeck A\/S, Mundipharma, Neuraxpharm, Pfizer, Sanofi, Schwabe, Servier, Shire, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co. Ltd., sun Pharma and Takeda. All other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}