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Most studies have described increases in cardiometabolic risk indicators (CMRIs) using clinical cut-off values. Further, there are no longitudinal studies on CMRIs. We aimed to investigate continuous measures of CMRIs in individuals with bipolar disorder and controls using both cross-sectional and longitudinal data. We used data from the Swedish St. G\u00f6ran Bipolar project. Study individuals were examined at baseline and after a median of 6 and 7\u00a0years for the control and patient group, respectively. Data were collected December 2005\u2013December 2020. The cohort included 281 individuals with bipolar disorder (mean age 39\u00a0years, 59% women) and 114 controls (mean age 38\u00a0years, 55% women). Of those, 155 patients and 74 controls also provided follow-up data. At baseline, individuals with bipolar disorder had significantly higher mean values of waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.142, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001), body mass index (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.150, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006), plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.218, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), total\/plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (TChol\/HDL-C) ratio (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.103, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03), TAG\/HDL-C ratio (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.151, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006), and non-HDL-C (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.168, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) than controls. Most CMRIs remained higher in the patient group at follow-up. The difference between patients and controls increased over time for WHR (0.005 unit\/year, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and systolic (1.1\u00a0mm Hg\/year, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) and diastolic (0.8\u00a0mm Hg\/year, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) blood pressure. Individuals with bipolar disorder displayed persistently higher levels of nearly all included CMRIs. Over time, a subset of CMRIs worsened in patients relative to controls. This suggests that active measures to counter cardiovascular risk in persons with bipolar disorder should be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-022-01520-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T17:33:52Z","timestamp":1669311232000},"page":"1191-1200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Time effect on cardiometabolic risk indicators in patients with bipolar disorder: a longitudinal case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7043-1135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hemen","family":"Najar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Joas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"P\u00e5lsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Land\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1520_CR1","unstructured":"Bipol\u00e4r \u2013 the swedish national quality register for bipolar disorder (2022) Bipol\u00e4Rs statistikvisning. 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