{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T02:54:05Z","timestamp":1791773645524,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007123","name":"Stanley Medical Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["07R-1832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["07R-1832"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007123","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sachsen-Anhalt","award":["XN3594O\/0405M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XN3594O\/0405M"]}]},{"name":"Sachsen-Anhalt","award":["N2-OVGU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N2-OVGU"]}]},{"name":"BMBF","award":["NBL-3\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NBL-3\/2"]}]},{"name":"BMBF","award":["01ZZ0407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZZ0407"]}]},{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Magdeburg"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We and others have observed reduced volumes of brain regions, including the nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, hypothalamus, and habenula in opioid addiction. Notably, the insular cortex has been under increasing study in addiction, and a smaller anterior insula has been found in alcohol-addicted cases. Here, we have investigated whether similar effects occur in heroin addicts compared to healthy controls. Volumes of the anterior and posterior insula in heroin addicts (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200914) and controls (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200913) were assessed by morphometry of Nissl-myelin-stained serial whole-brain coronal sections. The mean relative volume of the anterior insular cortex was smaller than in non-addicted controls (3010\u2009\u00b1\u2009614 *10\n                    <jats:sup>\u20136<\/jats:sup>\n                    versus 3970\u2009\u00b1\u20091306 *10\n                    <jats:sup>\u20136<\/jats:sup>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.021\n                    <jats:bold>)<\/jats:bold>\n                    . However, no significant differences in neuronal cell counts were observed. Therefore, the observed volume reduction appears to be a consequence of damaged connecting structures such as neuropil and glial cells. The findings were not confounded by age or duration of autolysis. Our results provide further evidence of structural deficits in key hubs of the addiction circuitry in heroin-dependent individuals and warrant further research in this area.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-023-01553-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T10:03:02Z","timestamp":1675159382000},"page":"1233-1241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Reduced anterior insular cortex volume in male heroin addicts: a postmortem study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"273","author":[{"given":"Ulf J.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas J.","family":"Schmalenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Dobrowolny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul C.","family":"Guest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Schlaaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Mawrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Truebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Bogerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Gos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Gert","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2611-2268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johann","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"1553_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881115581980","volume":"29","author":"J van Amsterdam","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Amsterdam J, Nutt D, Phillips L, van den Brink W (2015) European rating of drug harms. J Psychopharmacol 29:655\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881115581980","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1553_CR2","unstructured":"(2020) Wide-ranging online data for epidemiologic research (WONDER). https:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov\/. Accessed 7 Feb 2022"},{"key":"1553_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.7417\/CT.2021.2315","volume":"172","author":"F di Gaudio","year":"2021","unstructured":"di Gaudio F, Mortali C, Tini A (2021) Opioid epidemic spread from Northern and Eastern Europe to Mediterranean Area. Clin Ter 172:209\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7417\/CT.2021.2315","journal-title":"Clin Ter"},{"key":"1553_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000770","volume":"15","author":"E Stack","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stack E, Leichtling G, Larsen JE et al (2021) The impacts of COVID-19 on mental health, substance use, and overdose concerns of people who use drugs in rural communities. J Addict Med 15:383\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000770","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"1553_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-015-0617-x","volume":"265","author":"UJ M\u00fcller","year":"2015","unstructured":"M\u00fcller UJ, Truebner K, Schiltz K et al (2015) Postmortem volumetric analysis of the nucleus accumbens in male heroin addicts: implications for deep brain stimulation. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 265:647\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-015-0617-x","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1553_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-017-0809-7","volume":"268","author":"UJ M\u00fcller","year":"2018","unstructured":"M\u00fcller UJ, Schiltz K, Mawrin C et al (2018) Total hypothalamic volume is reduced in postmortem brains of male heroin addicts. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 268:243\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-017-0809-7","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1553_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-018-0939-6","volume":"269","author":"UJ M\u00fcller","year":"2019","unstructured":"M\u00fcller UJ, Mawrin C, Frodl T et al (2019) Reduced volumes of the external and internal globus pallidus in male heroin addicts: a postmortem study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 269:317\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-018-0939-6","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1553_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01195-y","volume":"271","author":"UJ M\u00fcller","year":"2021","unstructured":"M\u00fcller UJ, Ahrens M, Vasilevska V et al (2021) Reduced habenular volumes and neuron numbers in male heroin addicts: a post-mortem study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 271:835\u2013845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-020-01195-y","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1553_CR9","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Progress in brain research","author":"R Nieuwenhuys","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nieuwenhuys R (2012) The insular cortex. Progress in brain research. Elsevier, pp 123\u2013163"},{"key":"1553_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu305","volume":"138","author":"VV Senatorov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Senatorov VV, Damadzic R, Mann CL et al (2015) Reduced anterior insula, enlarged amygdala in alcoholism and associated depleted von Economo neurons. Brain 138:69\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awu305","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1553_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2555","volume":"10","author":"DA (Bud) Craig","year":"2009","unstructured":"(Bud) Craig DA (2009) How do you feel\u2014now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:59\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn2555","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1553_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1135926","volume":"315","author":"NH Naqvi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Naqvi NH, Rudrauf D, Damasio H, Bechara A (2007) Damage to the insula disrupts addiction to cigarette smoking. Science 315:531\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1135926","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1553_CR13","first-page":"29","volume":"4","author":"Y Yousefzadeh-fard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yousefzadeh-fard Y, Gharedaghi MH, Esmaeili S et al (2013) Stroke modifies drug consumption in opium addicts: role of the insula. Basic Clin Neurosci 4:29\u201336","journal-title":"Basic Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1553_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14889","volume":"52","author":"DD Joshi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Joshi DD, Puaud M, Fouyssac M et al (2020) The anterior insular cortex in the rat exerts an inhibitory influence over the loss of control of heroin intake and subsequent propensity to relapse. Eur J Neurosci 52:4115\u20134126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.14889","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"1553_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0259-8","volume":"214","author":"H Garavan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garavan H (2010) Insula and drug cravings. Brain Struct Funct 214:593\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-010-0259-8","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"1553_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1596-18.2018","volume":"39","author":"EJ Campbell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Campbell EJ, Flanagan JPM, Walker LC et al (2019) Anterior insular cortex is critical for the propensity to relapse following punishment-imposed abstinence of alcohol seeking. J Neurosci 39:1077\u20131087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1596-18.2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1553_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00720","volume":"10","author":"C Ibrahim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ibrahim C, Rubin-Kahana DS, Pushparaj A et al (2019) The insula: a brain stimulation target for the treatment of addiction. Front Pharmacol 10:720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2019.00720","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"1553_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.05.020","volume":"76","author":"L Dinur-Klein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dinur-Klein L, Dannon P, Hadar A et al (2014) Smoking cessation induced by deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal and insular cortices: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 76:742\u2013749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.05.020","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1553_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.577155","author":"H Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang H, Gao C, Sun K et al (2020) Continuous high frequency deep brain stimulation of the rat anterior insula attenuates the relapse post withdrawal and strengthens the extinction of morphine seeking. Front Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.577155","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"1553_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-3223(01)01269-0","volume":"51","author":"TR Franklin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Franklin TR, Acton PD, Maldjian JA et al (2002) Decreased gray matter concentration in the insular, orbitofrontal, cingulate, and temporal cortices of cocaine patients. Biol Psychiatry 51:134\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0006-3223(01)01269-0","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1553_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.08.011","volume":"60","author":"N Makris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Makris N, Gasic GP, Kennedy DN et al (2008) Cortical thickness abnormalities in cocaine addiction\u2014a reflection of both drug use and a pre-existing disposition to drug abuse? Neuron 60:174\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.08.011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1553_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.01.018","volume":"64","author":"N Makris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Makris N, Oscar-Berman M, Jaffin SK et al (2008) Decreased volume of the brain reward system in alcoholism. Biol Psychiatry 64:192\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.01.018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1553_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.014","volume":"179","author":"EN Grodin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grodin EN, Cortes CR, Spagnolo PA, Momenan R (2017) Structural deficits in salience network regions are associated with increased impulsivity and compulsivity in alcohol dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 179:100\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1553_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0198-x","volume":"184","author":"IK Lyoo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lyoo IK, Pollack MH, Silveri MM et al (2006) Prefrontal and temporal gray matter density decreases in opiate dependence. Psychopharmacology 184:139\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-005-0198-x","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1553_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2009.08.014","volume":"71","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yuan Y, Zhu Z, Shi J et al (2009) Gray matter density negatively correlates with duration of heroin use in young lifetime heroin-dependent individuals. Brain Cogn 71:223\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bandc.2009.08.014","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"1553_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/s0924-9338(01)00594-6","volume":"16","author":"ET Isomets\u00e4","year":"2001","unstructured":"Isomets\u00e4 ET (2001) Psychological autopsy studies\u2014a review. Eur Psychiatry 16:379\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0924-9338(01)00594-6","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"1553_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00461-2","volume":"83","author":"H-G Bernstein","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bernstein H-G, Stanarius A, Baumann B et al (1998) Nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in the human hypothalamus: reduced number of immunoreactive cells in the paraventricular nucleus of depressive patients and schizophrenics. Neuroscience 83:867\u2013875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00461-2","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"1553_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007056731551","volume":"28","author":"H-G Bernstein","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bernstein H-G, Baumann B, Danos P et al (1999) Regional and cellular distribution of neural visinin-like protein immunoreactivities (VILIP-1 and VILIP-3) in human brain. J Neurocytol 28:655\u2013662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1007056731551","journal-title":"J Neurocytol"},{"key":"1553_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1987.tb02837.x","volume":"147","author":"HJ Gundersen","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gundersen HJ, Jensen EB (1987) The efficiency of systematic sampling in stereology and its prediction. J Microsc 147:229\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1987.tb02837.x","journal-title":"J Microsc"},{"key":"1553_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24080","volume":"524","author":"S Ding","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ding S, Royall JJ, Sunkin SM et al (2016) Comprehensive cellular-resolution atlas of the adult human brain. J Comp Neurol 524:3127\u20133481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.24080","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1553_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-005-0581-y","volume":"255","author":"H Bielau","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bielau H, Tr\u00fcbner K, Krell D et al (2005) Volume deficits of subcortical nuclei in mood disorders: a postmortem study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 255:401\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-005-0581-y","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1553_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.11.1.71","volume":"11","author":"B Baumann","year":"1999","unstructured":"Baumann B, Danos P, Krell D et al (1999) Reduced volume of limbic system-affiliated basal ganglia in mood disorders: preliminary data from a postmortem study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 11:71\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/jnp.11.1.71","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1553_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.252","volume":"36","author":"P Katsel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Katsel P, Byne W, Roussos P et al (2011) Astrocyte and glutamate markers in the superficial, deep, and white matter layers of the anterior cingulate gyrus in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:1171\u20131177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2010.252","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1553_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc Ser B (Methodol) 57:289\u2013300","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B (Methodol)"},{"key":"1553_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8596","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26995-0","volume":"8","author":"J Ghaziri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghaziri J, Tucholka A, Girard G et al (2018) Subcortical structural connectivity of insular subregions. Sci Rep 8:8596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-26995-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1553_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.07.023","volume":"152","author":"R Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang R, Jia W, Wang Y et al (2019) A glutamatergic insular-striatal projection regulates the reinstatement of cue-associated morphine-seeking behavior in mice. Brain Res Bull 152:257\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.07.023","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"1553_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3445","volume":"16","author":"T Seif","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seif T, Chang S-J, Simms JA et al (2013) Cortical activation of accumbens hyperpolarization-active NMDARs mediates aversion-resistant alcohol intake. Nat Neurosci 16:1094\u20131100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.3445","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1553_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0262-0","volume":"214","author":"V Menon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Menon V, Uddin LQ (2010) Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function. Brain Struct Funct 214:655\u2013667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-010-0262-0","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"1553_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12569","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800005105","volume":"105","author":"D Sridharan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sridharan D, Levitin DJ, Menon V (2008) A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks. PNAS 105:12569\u201312574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0800005105","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"1553_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.05.005","volume":"19","author":"V Droutman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Droutman V, Read SJ, Bechara A (2015) Revisiting the role of the insula in addiction. Trends Cogn Sci 19:414\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2015.05.005","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"1553_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq138","volume":"133","author":"J Upadhyay","year":"2010","unstructured":"Upadhyay J, Maleki N, Potter J et al (2010) Alterations in brain structure and functional connectivity in prescription opioid-dependent patients. Brain 133:2098\u20132114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awq138","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1553_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.09.004","volume":"216","author":"C Xie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xie C, Shao Y, Fu L et al (2011) Identification of hyperactive intrinsic amygdala network connectivity associated with impulsivity in abstinent heroin addicts. Behav Brain Res 216:639\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.09.004","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"1553_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2016.1245312","volume":"43","author":"SC Wollman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wollman SC, Alhassoon OM, Hall MG et al (2017) Gray matter abnormalities in opioid-dependent patients: a neuroimaging meta-analysis. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 43:505\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00952990.2016.1245312","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"1553_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12228","volume":"21","author":"L Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang L, Zou F, Zhai T et al (2016) Abnormal gray matter volume and resting-state functional connectivity in former heroin-dependent individuals abstinent for multiple years. Addict Biol 21:646\u2013656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/adb.12228","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"1553_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2011.11.021","volume":"87","author":"S Gardini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gardini S, Venneri A (2012) Reduced grey matter in the posterior insula as a structural vulnerability or diathesis to addiction. Brain Res Bull 87:205\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2011.11.021","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"1553_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2013.07.006","volume":"116","author":"H-G Bernstein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bernstein H-G, Tr\u00fcbner K, Krebs P et al (2014) Increased densities of nitric oxide synthase expressing neurons in the temporal cortex and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of polytoxicomanic heroin overdose victims: possible implications for heroin neurotoxicity. Acta Histochem 116:182\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acthis.2013.07.006","journal-title":"Acta Histochem"},{"key":"1553_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1221-7","volume":"127","author":"JL Cadet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cadet JL, Bisagno V, Milroy CM (2014) Neuropathology of substance use disorders. Acta Neuropathol 127:91\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-013-1221-7","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1553_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-3223(03)00237-3","volume":"53","author":"PR Hof","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hof PR, Haroutunian V, Friedrich VL et al (2003) Loss and altered spatial distribution of oligodendrocytes in the superior frontal gyrus in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 53:1075\u20131085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0006-3223(03)00237-3","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1553_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-019-01067-0","volume":"270","author":"P Falkai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Falkai P, Raabe F, Bogerts B et al (2020) Association between altered hippocampal oligodendrocyte number and neuronal circuit structures in schizophrenia: a postmortem analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 270:413\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-019-01067-0","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1553_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby088","volume":"44","author":"AP Mallya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mallya AP, Deutch AY (2018) (Micro)glia as effectors of cortical volume loss in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 44:948\u2013957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sby088","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1553_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-007-0728-0","volume":"257","author":"B Cz\u00e9h","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cz\u00e9h B, Lucassen PJ (2007) What causes the hippocampal volume decrease in depression? Are neurogenesis, glial changes and apoptosis implicated? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 257:250\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-007-0728-0","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1553_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.02.011","volume":"167","author":"MR Hutchinson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hutchinson MR, Lewis SS, Coats BD et al (2010) Possible involvement of toll-like receptor 4\/myeloid differentiation factor-2 activity of opioid inactive isomers causes spinal proinflammation and related behavioral consequences. Neuroscience 167:880\u2013893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.02.011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"1553_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2007.230","volume":"7","author":"MR Hutchinson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hutchinson MR, Bland ST, Johnson KW et al (2007) Opioid-induced glial activation: mechanisms of activation and implications for opioid analgesia, dependence, and reward. ScientificWorldJournal 7:98\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1100\/tsw.2007.230","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"1553_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.09.012","volume":"23","author":"MR Hutchinson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hutchinson MR, Lewis SS, Coats BD et al (2009) Reduction of opioid withdrawal and potentiation of acute opioid analgesia by systemic AV411 (ibudilast). Brain Behav Immun 23:240\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.09.012","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"1553_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102692","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102692","volume":"9","author":"M Stratmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stratmann M, Konrad C, Kugel H et al (2014) Insular and hippocampal gray matter volume reductions in patients with major depressive disorder. PLoS ONE 9:102692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0102692","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1553_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0920-9964(98)00094-2","volume":"35","author":"IC Wright","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wright IC, Ellison ZR, Sharma T et al (1999) Mapping of grey matter changes in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 35:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0920-9964(98)00094-2","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1553_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.6.537","volume":"56","author":"JM Goldstein","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goldstein JM, Goodman JM, Seidman LJ et al (1999) Cortical abnormalities in schizophrenia identified by structural magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:537\u2013547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.56.6.537","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1553_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.010","volume":"153","author":"DS Fink","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fink DS, Hu R, Cerd\u00e1 M et al (2015) Patterns of major depression and nonmedical use of prescription opioids in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend 153:258\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"}],"container-title":["European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-023-01553-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00406-023-01553-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-023-01553-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T06:02:34Z","timestamp":1728799354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00406-023-01553-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-023-01553-6","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.742518103.793597742","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0940-1334","1433-8491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-1334","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-8491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Sampling and preservation of the human brain material were done in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, German Law and approval by the local institutional review board.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}