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The globus pallidus (GP) plays a prominent neurobiological role in the regulation of behaviour as an output station of the striato-pallidal system. GABAergic large projection neurons are the main neuronal type in the external (EGP) and internal (IGP) parts of the GP, where addiction-specific molecular and functional abnormalities occur. In these neurons, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) with isoforms GAD 65 and 67 is a key enzyme in GABA synthesis, and experimental studies suggest GAD dysregulation in the GP of heroin addicts. Our study, which was performed on paraffin-embedded brains from the Magdeburg Brain Bank, aimed to investigate abnormalities in the GABAergic function of large GP neurons by densitometric evaluation of their GAD 65\/67-immunostained thick dendrites. The study revealed a bilaterally decreased fibres density in the EGP paralleled by the increase in the IGP in 11 male heroin addicts versus 11 healthy controls (significant U-test <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> values). The analysis of confounding variables found no interference of age, brain volume, and duration of formalin fixation with the results. Our findings suggest a dysregulation of GABAergic activity in the GP of heroin addicts, which is consistent with experimental data from animal models and plays potentially a role in the disturbed function of basal ganglia circuit in opioid addiction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-023-01656-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T19:01:52Z","timestamp":1690570912000},"page":"445-452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Inverse pattern of GABAergic system impairment in the external versus internal globus pallidus in male heroin addicts"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"274","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Gos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Tr\u00fcbner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Ungewickell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Mawrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Karnecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Kaliszan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0161-9270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Gos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1656_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108350","volume":"218","author":"C Florence","year":"2021","unstructured":"Florence C, Luo F, Rice K (2021) The economic burden of opioid use disorder and fatal opioid overdose in the United States, 2017. 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