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However, previous research has found limited or no evidence of unique contributions of individual PD categories on the overall level of societal costs. Recent research supports the validity of PD as a dimensional construct, and PD severity may be a better predictor of societal costs than specific PD categories. The aim of this study was to explore if PD severity could predict the level of societal costs among treatment-seeking patients with PDs, while controlling for the impact of comorbid mental health and substance use disorders. Four different severity indicators were explored: the number of PDs, the total number of PD criteria, the number of BPD criteria, and the Level of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS) from the alternative model in DSM-5. Participants (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009798\/794) were retrieved from the quality register of the Norwegian Network for Personality Disorders for the period 2017\u20132020. Societal costs were assessed using a structured interview covering the six-month period prior to assessment. Diagnoses and diagnostic criteria were determined using a semi-structured diagnostic interview (SCID-5-PD and M.I.N.I), and the LPFS was assessed by the LPFS-Brief Form 2.0 (LPFS-BF 2.0) questionnaire. Statistics included multiple regression analyses. None of the severity indicators were significant predictors of overall societal costs among treatment-seeking patients, and effect sizes were small.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-023-01715-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T14:05:47Z","timestamp":1700661947000},"page":"181-192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Personality disorders: the impact of severity on societal costs"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"275","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2999-7679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl-Aksel","family":"Sveen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geir","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Hummelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elfrida Hartveit","family":"Kvarstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"1715_CR1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5\u00ae)","author":"APA","year":"2013","unstructured":"APA (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5\u00ae), 5th edn. 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