{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T06:57:44Z","timestamp":1793084264047,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]],"date-time":"2024-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]],"date-time":"2024-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006447","name":"University of Zurich","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been known since the end of the eighteenth century. Today, N2O plays a huge role as a greenhouse gas and an ozone-depleting stratospheric molecule. The main sources of anthropogenic N2O emissions are agriculture, fuel combustion, wastewater treatment, and various industrial processes. By contrast, the contribution of medical N2O to the greenhouse effect appears to be small. The recreational and medical uses of N2O gradually diverged over time. N2O has analgesic and anesthetic effects, making it widely used in modern dentistry and surgery. New research has also begun studying N2O\u2019s antidepressant actions. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonism and opioid effects are believed to be the main underlying biochemical mechanisms. At this point, numerous questions remain open and, in particular, the conduct of larger clinical trials will be essential to confirm N2O\u2019s use as a rapid-acting antidepressant. The N2O concentration delivered, the duration of a single inhalation, as well as the number of inhalations ultimately required, deserve to be better understood. Finally, the non-medical use of N2O has gained significant attention in recent years. Sudden deaths directly attributed to N2O are primarily due to asphyxia. Heavy, chronic N2O use may result in vitamin B12 deficiency, which, among other things, may cause megaloblastic anemia, venous thrombosis, myeloneuropathy, and skin pigmentation. Helpful biochemical tests include homocysteine and methylmalonic acid. The centerpiece of treatment is complete cessation of N2O use together with parenteral administration of vitamin B12.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-024-01801-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]],"date-time":"2024-04-13T09:01:42Z","timestamp":1712998902000},"page":"1573-1580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The boon and bane of nitrous oxide"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"275","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4254-4358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Golo","family":"Kronenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Schoretsanitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Seifritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Olbrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1801_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. APA, Arlington"},{"key":"1801_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16380","author":"S Back","year":"2023","unstructured":"Back S, Kroon E, Colyer-Patel K, Cousijn J (2023) Does nitrous oxide addiction exist? An evaluation of the evidence for the presence and prevalence of substance use disorder symptoms in recreational nitrous oxide users. Addiction. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.16380. (Online ahead of print)","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"7","key":"1801_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.41428","volume":"15","author":"A Banjongjit","year":"2023","unstructured":"Banjongjit A, Sutamnartpong P, Mahanupap P, Phanachet P, Thanakitcharu S (2023) Nitrous oxide-induced cerebral venous thrombosis: a case report, potential mechanisms, and literature review. Cureus. 15(7):e41428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.41428","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"1801_CR4","first-page":"309","volume":"13","author":"L Barbosa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Barbosa L, Leal I, Tim\u00f3teo AT, Matias T (2000) Acute megaloblastic anemia caused by inhalation of nitrous oxide in a patient with multiple autoimmune pathology. Acta Med Port 13(5\u20136):309\u2013312","journal-title":"Acta Med Port"},{"key":"1801_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.2344\/0003-3006-55.4.124","volume":"55","author":"DE Becker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Becker DE, Rosenberg M (2008) Nitrous oxide and the inhalation anesthetics. Anesth Prog 55:124\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2344\/0003-3006-55.4.124","journal-title":"Anesth Prog"},{"issue":"4268","key":"1801_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1126\/science.982058","volume":"194","author":"BA Berkowitz","year":"1976","unstructured":"Berkowitz BA, Ngai SH, Finck AD (1976) Nitrous oxide \u201canalgesia\u201d: resemblance to opiate action. Science 194(4268):967\u2013968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.982058","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"1801_CR7","first-page":"271","volume":"37","author":"RI Block","year":"1990","unstructured":"Block RI, Ghoneim MM, Kumar V, Pathak D (1990) Psychedelic effects of a subanesthetic concentration of nitrous oxide. Anesth Prog 37(6):271\u2013276","journal-title":"Anesth Prog"},{"issue":"2","key":"1801_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/s0091-3057(99)00202-6","volume":"65","author":"EM Branda","year":"2000","unstructured":"Branda EM, Ramza JT, Cahill FJ, Tseng LF, Quock RM (2000) Role of brain dynorphin in nitrous oxide antinociception in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 65(2):217\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0091-3057(99)00202-6","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"1801_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02253248","volume":"7","author":"FJ Cahill","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cahill FJ, Ellenberger EA, Mueller JL, Tseng LF, Quock RM (2000) Antagonism of nitrous oxide antinociception in mice by intrathecally administered antisera to endogenous opioid peptides. J Biomed Sci 7(4):299\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02253248","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"1801_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.112894","volume":"162","author":"MJ Chevalier-Curt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chevalier-Curt MJ, Grzych G, Tard C, Lannoy J, Deheul S, Hanafi R, Douillard C, Vamecq J (2022) Nitrous oxide abuse in the emergency practice, and review of toxicity mechanisms and potential markers. Food Chem Toxicol 162:112894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2022.112894","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"32","key":"1801_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1075","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.230196","volume":"195","author":"C De Halleux","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Halleux C, Juurlink DN (2023) Diagnosis and management of toxicity associated with the recreational use of nitrous oxide. CMAJ 195(32):E1075\u2013E1081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.230196","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"1801_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","volume":"7","author":"R DerSimonian","year":"1986","unstructured":"DerSimonian R, Laird N (1986) Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 7(3):177\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"1801_CR13","unstructured":"EPA (2023) United States Environmental Protection Agency: understanding global warming potentials. Last updated on April 18, 2023 (retrieved on October 19, 2023)"},{"issue":"6464","key":"1801_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/367607a0","volume":"367","author":"NP Franks","year":"1994","unstructured":"Franks NP, Lieb WR (1994) Molecular and cellular mechanisms of general anaesthesia. Nature 367(6464):607\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/367607a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"1801_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199711000-00012","volume":"87","author":"JL Galinkin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Galinkin JL, Janiszewski D, Young CJ, Klafta JM, Klock PA, Coalson DW, Apfelbaum JL, Zacny JP (1997) Subjective, psychomotor, cognitive, and analgesic effects of subanesthetic concentrations of sevoflurane and nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 87(5):1082\u20131088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000542-199711000-00012","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"1801_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/2589977515666230330122010","author":"M Gillman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gillman M (2023) Why Ignore the opioid action of nitrous oxide and ketamine when working on their antidepressant\/ psychotropic actions? Curr Drug Res Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/2589977515666230330122010. (Online ahead of print)","journal-title":"Curr Drug Res Rev"},{"key":"1801_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90189-0","volume":"81","author":"MA Gillman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Gillman MA (1986) Nitrous oxide, an opioid addictive agent. Review of the evidence. Am J Med 81:97\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90189-0","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1801_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(80)90160-0","volume":"61","author":"MA Gillman","year":"1980","unstructured":"Gillman MA, Kok L, Lichtigfeld FJ (1980) Paradoxical effect of naloxone on nitrous oxide analgesia in man. Eur J Pharmacol 61(2):175\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-2999(80)90160-0","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1801_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2020-1543","volume":"43","author":"MC Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guimar\u00e3es MC, Guimar\u00e3es TM, Hallak JE, Abr\u00e3o J, Machado-de-Sousa JP (2021) Nitrous oxide as an adjunctive therapy in major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled double-blind pilot trial. Braz J Psychiatry 43(5):484\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1516-4446-2020-1543","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1801_CR20","volume-title":"CRC handbook of chemistry and physics","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haynes WM (ed) (2014) CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, 95th edn. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton","edition":"95"},{"issue":"7414","key":"1801_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","volume":"327","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 327(7414):557\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1801_CR22","unstructured":"House of Commons Library (2023) Nitrous oxide becomes a Class C drug. https:\/\/commonslibrary.parliament.uk\/nitrous-oxide-no-laughing-matter\/"},{"issue":"6","key":"1801_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016.e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2011.05.001","volume":"30","author":"CK Hsu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hsu CK, Chen YQ, Lung VZ, His SC, Lo HC, Shyu HY (2012) Myelopathy and polyneuropathy caused by nitrous oxide toxicity: a case report. Am J Emerg Med 30(6):1016.e3\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2011.05.001","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"1801_CR24","volume-title":"Contribution of working group i to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change","author":"IPCC","year":"2013","unstructured":"IPCC (2013) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GK, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Contribution of working group i to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York"},{"issue":"12","key":"1801_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.06.016","volume":"92","author":"Y Izumi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Izumi Y, Hsu FF, Conway CR, Nagele P, Mennerick SJ, Zorumski CF (2022) Nitrous oxide, a rapid antidepressant, has ketamine-like effects on excitatory transmission in the adult hippocampus. Biol Psychiatry 92(12):964\u2013972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.06.016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1801_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0498-460","volume":"4","author":"V Jevtovi\u0107-Todorovi\u0107","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jevtovi\u0107-Todorovi\u0107 V, Todorovi\u0107 SM, Mennerick S, Powell S, Dikranian K, Benshoff N, Zorumski CF, Olney JW (1998) Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) is an NMDA antagonist, neuroprotectant and neurotoxin. Nat Med 4(4):460\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm0498-460","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1801_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8801-3","volume":"265","author":"S Keddie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Keddie S, Adams A, Kelso ARC, Turner B, Schmierer K, Gnanapavan S, Malaspina A, Giovannoni G, Basnett I, Noyce AJ (2018) No laughing matter: subacute degeneration of the spinal cord due to nitrous oxide inhalation. J Neurol 265(5):1089\u20131095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-018-8801-3","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1801_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)57420-2","volume":"173","author":"SS Kety","year":"1948","unstructured":"Kety SS, Merel MH, Broomell HT, Rhode CB (1948) The solubility of nitrous oxide in blood and brain. J Biol Chem 173(2):487\u2013496","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"1801_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13288","volume":"25","author":"WSH Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim WSH, Dimick MK, Omrin D, Mitchell RHB, Riegert D, Levitt A, Schaffer A, Belo S, Iazzetta J, Detzler G, Choi M, Choi S, Herrmann N, McIntyre RS, MacIntosh BJ, Orser BA, Goldstein BI (2023) Proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial of single-session nitrous oxide treatment for refractory bipolar depression: focus on cerebrovascular target engagement. Bipolar Disord 25(3):221\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bdi.13288","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"1801_CR30","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"K Knuf","year":"2023","unstructured":"Knuf K, Maani CV (2023) Nitrous oxide. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island"},{"issue":"7","key":"1801_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-241414","volume":"14","author":"AE Mahgoub","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahgoub AE, Deliwala SS, Bachuwa G (2021) Important reminder: nitrous oxide (N2O) as a cause of functional vitamin B12 deficiency. BMJ Case Rep 14(7):e241414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2020-241414","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"1801_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2023-331131","volume":"94","author":"D Mair","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mair D, Paris A, Zaloum SA, White LM, Dodd KC, Englezou C, Patel F, Abualnaja S, Lilleker JB, Gosal D, Hayton T, Liang D, Allroggen H, Pucci M, Keddie S, Noyce AJ (2023) Nitrous oxide-induced myeloneuropathy: a case series. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 94(9):681\u2013688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2023-331131","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1801_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-001-0902-7","volume":"58","author":"J Martens","year":"2002","unstructured":"Martens J, Barg H, Warren M, Jahn D (2002) Microbial production of vitamin B12. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 58:275\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-001-0902-7","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1801_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(89)90381-0","volume":"44","author":"EJ Moody","year":"1989","unstructured":"Moody EJ, Mattson M, Newman AH, Rice KC, Skolnick P (1989) Stereospecific reversal of nitrous oxide analgesia by naloxone. Life Sci 44(11):703\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0024-3205(89)90381-0","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"1801_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00692","volume":"11","author":"P Nagele","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nagele P, Brown F, Bass V, Yohanna D (2020) Prolonged remission of major depressive disorder after single nitrous oxide inhalation treatment. Front Psychiatry 11:692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00692","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1801_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.11.016","volume":"78","author":"P Nagele","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nagele P, Duma A, Kopec M, Gebara MA, Parsoei A, Walker M, Janski A, Panagopoulos VN, Cristancho P, Miller JP, Zorumski CF, Conway CR (2015) Nitrous oxide for treatment-resistant major depression: a proof-of-concept trial. Biol Psychiatry 78(1):10\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.11.016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"23","key":"1801_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8791","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402825101","volume":"101","author":"P Nagele","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nagele P, Metz LB, Crowder CM (2004) Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) requires the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor for its action in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(23):8791\u20138796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0402825101","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"597","key":"1801_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abe1376","volume":"13","author":"P Nagele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nagele P, Palanca BJ, Gott B, Brown F, Barnes L, Nguyen T, Xiong W, Salloum NC, Espejo GD, Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Jain N, Cheng WWL, Komen H, Yee B, Bolzenius JD, Janski A, Gibbons R, Zorumski CF, Conway CR (2021) A phase 2 trial of inhaled nitrous oxide for treatment-resistant major depression. Sci Transl Med 13(597):ebe1376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.abe1376","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1801_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.2021430","volume":"51","author":"GJ Ng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ng GJ, Chiew YR (2022) Nitrous oxide and cervical myelopathy. Ann Acad Med Singap 51(5):321\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.2021430","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap"},{"key":"1801_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(84)90426-7","volume":"5","author":"JF Nunn","year":"1984","unstructured":"Nunn JF (1984) Interaction of nitrous oxide and vitamin B12. Trends Pharmacol Sci 5:225\u2013227","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"1801_CR41","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics (2022) Drug misuse in England and Wales: year ending June 2022. Released 15 December 2022, ONS website https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/crimeandjustice\/articles\/drugmisuseinenglandandwales\/yearendingjune2022"},{"issue":"7","key":"1801_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2010.06375.x","volume":"65","author":"LK Rao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rao LK, Francis AM, Wilcox U, Miller JP, Nagele P (2010) Pre-operative vitamin B infusion and prevention of nitrous oxide-induced homocysteine increase. Anaesthesia 65(7):710\u2013715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2010.06375.x","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"5949","key":"1801_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176985","volume":"326","author":"AR Ravishankara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ravishankara AR, Daniel JS, Portmann RW (2009) Nitrous oxide (N2O): the dominant ozone-depleting substance emitted in the 21st century. Science 326(5949):123\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1176985","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"1801_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1990.tb14897.x","volume":"45","author":"SL Snowdon","year":"1990","unstructured":"Snowdon SL, Head-Rapson AG (1990) Purity of cylinder nitrous oxide. Anaesthesia 45(12):1084","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"12","key":"1801_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3938","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15077","volume":"28","author":"G Swart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Swart G, Blair C, Lu Z, Yogendran S, Offord J, Sutherland E, Barnes S, Palavra N, Cremer P, Bolitho S, Michael Halmagyi G (2021) Nitrous oxide-induced myeloneuropathy. Eur J Neurol 28(12):3938\u20133944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.15077. (Epub 2021 Sep 6)","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"7828","key":"1801_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2780-0","volume":"586","author":"H Tian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tian H, Xu R, Canadell JG, Thompson RL, Winiwarter W, Suntharalingam P, Davidson EA, Ciais P, Jackson RB, Janssens-Maenhout G, Prather MJ, Regnier P, Pan N, Pan S, Peters GP, Shi H, Tubiello FN, Zaehle S, Zhou F, Arneth A, Battaglia G, Berthet S, Bopp L, Bouwman AF, Buitenhuis ET, Chang J, Chipperfield MP, Dangal SRS, Dlugokencky E, Elkins JW, Eyre BD, Fu B, Hall B, Ito A, Joos F, Krummel PB, Landolfi A, Laruelle GG, Lauerwald R, Li W, Lienert S, Maavara T, MacLeod M, Millet DB, Olin S, Patra PK, Prinn RG, Raymond PA, Ruiz DJ, van der Werf GR, Vuichard N, Wang J, Weiss RF, Wells KC, Wilson C, Yang J, Yao Y (2020) A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks. Nature 586(7828):248\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2780-0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"1801_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS13286J","volume":"37","author":"SA Wagner","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wagner SA, Clark MA, Wesche DL, Doedens DJ, Lloyd AW (1992) Asphyxial deaths from the recreational use of nitrous oxide case reports. J Forensic Sci 37(4):1008\u20131015","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1801_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1053\/bean.2002.0264","volume":"17","author":"J Weimann","year":"2003","unstructured":"Weimann J (2003) Toxicity of nitrous oxide. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 17(1):47\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/bean.2002.0264","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"1801_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114867","volume":"317","author":"D Yan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yan D, Liu B, Wei X, Ou W, Liao M, Ji S, Peng Y, Liu J, Wu S, Wang M, Ju Y, Zhang L, Li Z, Li L, Zhang Y (2022) Efficacy and safety of nitrous oxide for patients with treatment-resistant depression, a randomized controlled trial. Psychiatry Res 317:114867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114867","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1801_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198005000-00007","volume":"52","author":"JC Yang","year":"1980","unstructured":"Yang JC, Clark WC, Ngai SH (1980) Antagonism of nitrous oxide analgesia by naloxone in man. Anesthesiology 52(5):414\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000542-198005000-00007","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1801_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2533","volume":"12","author":"M Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu M, Qiao Y, Li W, Fang X, Gao H, Zheng D, Ma Y (2022) Analysis of clinical characteristics and prognostic factors in 110 patients with nitrous oxide abuse. Brain Behav 12(4):e2533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.2533","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"1801_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Z\u00e1dor J (1928). Der Lachgas (N2O)-Rausch in seiner Bedeutung f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und Neurologie.\u00a0Archiv f. Psychiatrie\u00a084, 1\u201372 (1928). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01814502","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01814502"},{"issue":"44","key":"1801_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11158","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1547-16.2016","volume":"36","author":"CF Zorumski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zorumski CF, Izumi Y, Mennerick S (2016) Ketamine: NMDA Receptors and Beyond. J Neurosci 36(44):11158\u201311164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1547-16.2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"}],"container-title":["European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-024-01801-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00406-024-01801-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-024-01801-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T12:15:50Z","timestamp":1759752950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00406-024-01801-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-024-01801-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-1334","1433-8491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-1334","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-8491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the last author states that there is no confict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}