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Cannabis and cannabinoids are advocated for a plethora of medical indications. An increasing number of medical and nonmedical users regularly consume large doses of delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main active component of cannabis. Aim: to summarize the evidence on (1) risks\u00a0of recreational cannabis use and (2) effectiveness and\u00a0safety of medicinal cannabis. Findings on recreational use: Cannabis is\u00a0mostly used to experience its acute rewarding effects. Regular use of high THC products can produce addiction (cannabis use disorder or CUD). Acute consumption of high THC doses (including unintentionally) can cause time-limited mental, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular problems and motor vehicle accidents. Chronic patterns of cannabis use have been associated with multiple adverse outcomes that are of particular concern among adolescents and young adults, such as, disrupted learning, impaired cognitive performance, reduced educational attainment and an increased risk of CUD, psychosis\/schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders and suicidal behaviors. There is debate about the extent to which cannabis use is a cause of these adverse outcomes. Physical health risks (e.g., respiratory and cardiovascular, prematurity and restricted fetal growth, hyperemesis syndrome among others) have also been linked with repeated consumption of cannabis with a high THC content. Findings on medical\u00a0cannabis use: Herbal cannabis, medicines from extracted or synthetized cannabinoids\u2014often used as adjuvants to standard medicines\u2014may\u00a0produce small to modest benefits. This is primarily the case in treating chronic pain, muscle spasticity, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and refractory epilepsy (in the case of cannabidiol, CBD). The evidence is inconclusive on their value in treating mental disorders and other medical conditions. Safety: Cannabis-based medicine is generally well tolerated. There is a risk of mild to moderate adverse effects and CUD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-024-01880-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T02:03:00Z","timestamp":1727143380000},"page":"281-292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["Cannabis, cannabinoids and health: a review of evidence on risks and medical benefits"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"275","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Hoch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. 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