{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:52:52Z","timestamp":1790355172083,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,27]],"date-time":"2024-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,27]],"date-time":"2024-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Freiburg"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS-R) demonstrated excellent results in its original study, with a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 100% (Ritvo et al. in J Autism Dev Disord 41:1076\u20131089, 2011). As a result, it was included in the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines (Recommendations | Autism spectrum disorder in adults: diagnosis and management | Guidance | NICE, 2022). The questionnaire includes 80 questions across four subcategories (language, social relatedness, circumscribed interests, sensory motor). So far, the subcategory sensory motor has not been addressed in most available instruments, despite being part of the diagnostic criteria specified in DSM-5 (Falkai et al., in Diagnostisches Und Statistisches Manual Psychischer St\u00f6rungen DSM-5. Hogrefe, 2015) and ICD-11 (ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics, 2022). In our validation study, we tested a translated German version of the questionnaire in 299 individuals (110 persons with ASD according to ICD-10 F84.0, F84.5, 64 persons with an primary mental disorders (PMD), 125 persons with no disorders). To enhance the practical use of the instrument in clinical everyday practice, the questionnaire was completed by the participants without the presence of a clinician\u2014unlike the original study. Psychiatric diagnoses were established following the highest standards, and psychometric properties were calculated using established protocols. The German version of the RADS-R yielded very good results, with a high sensitivity of 92.5% and a high specificity of 93.6%. The area under the curve (\n                    <jats:italic>AUC<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.976), indicates a high quality and discriminatory power of RADS-R. Furthermore, the ROC curve analysis showed that the optimal threshold to distinguish between the ASD and non-ASD groups in the German version of the RAADS-R is a score of 81. In comparison to the RADS-R, the co-administered instruments Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), and Empathy Quotient (EQ) each showed slightly better specificity but worse sensitivity in this sample.The study included individuals already diagnosed with ASD according to ICD-10 (F84.0, F84.5), with or without an primary\u00a0mental disorders, preventing us from identifying the influence of comorbidities on the RADS-R results. In addition, a self-report questionnaire has generally only limited objectivity and may allow for false representation of the symptoms. The RADS-R compares well with other questionnaires and can provide valuable additional information. It could turn out to be a helpful diagnostic tool for patients in Germany. We propose naming the German version RADS-R (Ritvo Autism Diagnostic Scale \u2013 rRevised) to reflect the change in terminology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-024-01894-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T04:41:13Z","timestamp":1730090473000},"page":"2449-2460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A novel screening instrument for the assessment of autism in German language: validation of the German version of the RAADS-R, the RADS-R"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"275","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9000-4658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rdis","family":"Rausch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Fangmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Falter-Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helene","family":"Ackermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Espel\u00f6er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars P.","family":"H\u00f6lzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Riedel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariella","family":"Ritvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Vogeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludger Tebartz","family":"van Elst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"1894_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1133-5","volume":"41","author":"RA Ritvo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ritvo RA, Ritvo ER, Guthrie D et al (2011) The ritvo autism asperger diagnostic scale-revised (RAADS-R): a scale to assist the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in adults: an international validation study. J Autism Dev Disord 41(8):1076\u20131089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-010-1133-5","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"1894_CR2","unstructured":"Recommendations|Autism spectrum disorder in adults: diagnosis and management|Guidance|NICE. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg142\/chapter\/Recommendations#identification-and-assessment-2. Accessed 30 Mar 2022"},{"key":"1894_CR3","volume-title":"Diagnostisches und statistisches manual psychischer st\u00f6rungen DSM-5","author":"P Falkai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Falkai P, Wittchen HU, D\u00f6pfner M et al (2015) Diagnostisches und statistisches manual psychischer st\u00f6rungen DSM-5. Hogrefe"},{"key":"1894_CR4","unstructured":"ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics. https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11\/l-m\/en#\/http:\/\/id.who.int\/icd\/entity\/437815624. Accessed 13 May 2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"1894_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.2.194","volume":"146","author":"ER Ritvo","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ritvo ER, Freemann BJ, Pingree C et al (1989) The UCLA-University of Utah epidemiologic survey of autism: prevalence. AJP 146(2):194\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.146.2.194","journal-title":"AJP"},{"issue":"9","key":"1894_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10101532","volume":"168","author":"YS Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim YS, Leventhal BL, Koh YJ et al (2011) Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in a total population sample. AJP 168(9):904\u2013912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10101532","journal-title":"AJP"},{"issue":"5","key":"1894_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.38","volume":"68","author":"TS Brugha","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brugha TS, McManus S, Bankart J et al (2011) Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders in adults in the community in England. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68(5):459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.38","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"1894_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3761","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3639-1","volume":"48","author":"L Crane","year":"2018","unstructured":"Crane L, Batty R, Adeyinka H, Goddard L, Henry LA, Hill EL (2018) Autism diagnosis in the united kingdom: perspectives of autistic adults, parents and professionals. J Autism Dev Disord 48(11):3761\u20133772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-018-3639-1","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"1894_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-010-3121-6","volume":"82","author":"T Fangmeier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fangmeier T, Lichtblau A, Peters J, Biscaldi-Sch\u00e4fer M, Ebert D, van Elst LT (2011) Psychotherapie des asperger-syndroms im erwachsenenalter. Nervenarzt 82(5):628\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00115-010-3121-6","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"1894_CR10","volume-title":"Asperger-autismus und hochfunktionaler autismus bei erwachsenen. Das therapiemanual der freiburger autismus-studiengruppe","author":"D Ebert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ebert D, Fangmeier T, Lichtblau A, Peters J, Biscaldi-Sch\u00e4fer M, Tebartz van Elst L (2013) Asperger-autismus und hochfunktionaler autismus bei erwachsenen. Das therapiemanual der freiburger autismus-studiengruppe. Hogrefe"},{"key":"1894_CR11","unstructured":"Weigand A, Enk L, Moebert T, Zoerner D, Schneider J, Lucke U. Introducing E.V.A.\u2014a new training app for social cognition design development, and first acceptance and usability evaluation for autistic users. Presented at: 12 Scientific Meeting Autism Spectrum (WTAS); 2019; Augsburg"},{"issue":"14","key":"1894_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002472","volume":"50","author":"G Rosenblau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rosenblau G, O\u2019Connell G, Heekeren HR, Dziobek I (2020) Neurobiological mechanisms of social cognition treatment in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder. Psychol Med 50(14):2374\u20132384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291719002472","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1894_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05205-9","volume":"22","author":"EL van Tebartz","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Tebartz EL, Fangmeier T, Schaller UM et al (2021) FASTER and SCOTT&EVA trainings for adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 22(1):261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-021-05205-9","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"1894_CR14","volume-title":"Hochfunktionaler autismus im erwachsenenalter verhaltenstherapeutisches gruppenmanual","author":"A Gawronski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gawronski A, Pfeiffer K, Vogeley K (2012) Hochfunktionaler autismus im erwachsenenalter verhaltenstherapeutisches gruppenmanual. Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG"},{"issue":"11","key":"1894_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1281734","volume":"79","author":"A Gawronski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gawronski A, Kuzmanovic B, Georgescu A et al (2011) Erwartungen an eine Psychotherapie von hochfunktionalen erwachsenen Personen mit einer Autismus-Spektrum-St\u00f6rung. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 79(11):647\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0031-1281734","journal-title":"Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1894_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04529-w","volume":"51","author":"J Espel\u00f6er","year":"2021","unstructured":"Espel\u00f6er J, Hellmich M, Vogeley K, Falter-Wagner CM (2021) Brief report: social anxiety in autism spectrum disorder is based on deficits in social competence. J Autism Dev Disord 51(1):315\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04529-w","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"1894_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30289-5","volume":"6","author":"MC Lai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lai MC, Kassee C, Besney R et al (2019) Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry 6(10):819\u2013829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30289-5","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1894_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10060355","volume":"10","author":"K Runge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Runge K, Tebartz van Elst L, Maier S et al (2020) Cerebrospinal fluid findings of 36 adult patients with autism spectrum disorder. Brain Sci 10(6):355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci10060355","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"1894_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00066","author":"D Endres","year":"2017","unstructured":"Endres D, Maier S, Feige B et al (2017) Altered intermittent rhythmic delta and theta activity in the electroencephalographies of high functioning adult patients with autism spectrum disorder. Front Hum Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00066","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1894_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3321-z","volume":"48","author":"W Mandy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mandy W, Clarke K, McKenner M et al (2018) Assessing autism in adults: an evaluation of the developmental, dimensional and diagnostic interview\u2014adult version (3Di-adult). J Autism Dev Disord 48(2):549\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-017-3321-z","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"1894_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-005-0026-5","volume":"35","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Robinson J, Woodbury-Smith M (2005) The adult asperger assessment (AAA): a diagnostic method. J Autism Dev Disord 35(6):807\u2013819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-005-0026-5","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1894_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005592401947","volume":"30","author":"C Lord","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lord C, Risi S, Lambrecht L et al (2000) The autism diagnostic observation schedule\u2014generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. J Autism Dev Disord 30(3):205\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1005592401947","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1894_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361301005001006","volume":"5","author":"C Gillberg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gillberg C, Gillberg C, R\u00e5stam M, Wentz E (2001) The asperger syndrome (and high-functioning autism) diagnostic interview (ASDI): a preliminary study of a new structured clinical interview. Autism 5(1):57\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361301005001006","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"1894_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-014-0374-9","author":"A Riedel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Riedel A, Suh H, Haser V et al (2014) Freiburg QuesTIONNAIRE OF LINGUISTIC PRAGMATICS (FQLP): psychometric properties based on a psychiatric sample. BMC Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-014-0374-9","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1894_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00033-7","volume":"30","author":"HCM Vorst","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vorst HCM, Bermond B (2001) Validity and reliability of the bermond-vorst alexithymia questionnaire. Personality Individ Differ 30(3):413\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00033-7","journal-title":"Personality Individ Differ"},{"issue":"10","key":"1894_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2795","volume":"15","author":"AM D\u2019Mello","year":"2022","unstructured":"D\u2019Mello AM, Frosch IR, Li CE, Cardinaux AL, Gabrieli JDE (2022) Exclusion of females in autism research: empirical evidence for a \u201cleaky\u201d recruitment-to-research pipeline. Autism Res 15(10):1929\u20131940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2795","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1894_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1089\/aut.2019.0054","volume":"2","author":"CM Brown","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown CM, Attwood T, Garnett M, Stokes MA (2020) Am i autistic? Utility of the girls questionnaire for autism spectrum condition as an autism assessment in adult women. Autism in Adulthood 2(3):216\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aut.2019.0054","journal-title":"Autism in Adulthood"},{"issue":"3","key":"1894_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3792-6","volume":"49","author":"L Hull","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hull L, Mandy W, Lai MC et al (2019) Development and validation of the camouflaging autistic traits questionnaire (CAT-Q). J Autism Dev Disord 49(3):819\u2013833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-018-3792-6","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"1894_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025873925661","volume":"27","author":"C Lord","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lord C, Pickles A, McLennan J et al (1997) Diagnosing autism: analyses of data from the autism diagnostic interview. J Autism Dev Disord 27(5):501\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1025873925661","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"1894_CR30","volume-title":"Asperger\u2019s syndrome. A guide for parents and professionals","author":"T Attwood","year":"1998","unstructured":"Attwood T (1998) Asperger\u2019s syndrome. A guide for parents and professionals. Jessica Kingsley Publisher"},{"key":"1894_CR31","unstructured":"Autismus-Spektrum-St\u00f6rungen im Kindes-, Jugend-und Erwachsenenalter. Published online February 23, 2016. https:\/\/www.awmf.org\/uploads\/tx_szleitlinien\/028-018l_S3_Autismus-Spektrum-Stoerungen_ASS-Diagnostik_2016-05-abgelaufen.pdf. Accessed 15 Jan 2024"},{"key":"1894_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1814","author":"T Brugha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brugha T, Tyrer F, Leaver A et al (2020) Testing adults by questionnaire for social and communication disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, in an adult mental health service population. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mpr.1814","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"1894_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1191-3","volume":"41","author":"LMJ Andersen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Andersen LMJ, N\u00e4swall K, Manouilenko I et al (2011) The swedish version of the ritvo autism and asperger diagnostic scale: revised (RAADS-R). A validation study of a rating scale for adults. J Autism Dev Disord 41(12):1635\u20131645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-011-1191-3","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"1894_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361315589869","volume":"19","author":"BB Sizoo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sizoo BB, Horwitz E, Teunisse J et al (2015) Predictive validity of self-report questionnaires in the assessment of autism spectrum disorders in adults. Autism 19(7):842\u2013849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361315589869","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"1","key":"1894_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04518-z","volume":"51","author":"MC Picot","year":"2021","unstructured":"Picot MC, Michelon C, Bertet H et al (2021) The French version of the revised ritvo autism and asperger diagnostic scale: a psychometric validation and diagnostic accuracy study. J Autism Dev Disord 51(1):30\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04518-z","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"1894_CR36","unstructured":"Petermann H. 2012 WAIS-IV\u2014Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale\u2014Fourth Edition. Pearson"},{"key":"1894_CR37","unstructured":"Lehrl S. 2005 Mehrfachwahl-wortschatz-intelligenztest: MWT-B. Spitta GmbH"},{"key":"1894_CR38","volume-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM-5 disorders\u2014clinician version (SCID-5-CV)","author":"K Beesdo-VBaum","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beesdo-VBaum K, Zaudig M, Wittchen HU (2019) Structured clinical interview for DSM-5 disorders\u2014clinician version (SCID-5-CV). Hogrefe"},{"issue":"1","key":"1894_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005653411471","volume":"31","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Skinner R, Martin J, Clubley E (2001) The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): evidence from asperger syndrome\/high-functioning autism, malesand females, scientists and mathematicians. J Autism Dev Disord 31(1):5\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1005653411471","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"1894_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00","volume":"34","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S (2004) The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 34(2):163\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"1894_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025014929212","volume":"33","author":"JN Constantino","year":"2003","unstructured":"Constantino JN, Davis SA, Todd RD et al (2003) Validation of a brief quantitative measure of autistic traits: comparison of the social responsiveness scale with the autism diagnostic interview-revised. J Autism Dev Disord 33(4):427\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1025014929212","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"1894_CR42","unstructured":"Kuhn M (2021) Caret: classification and regression training. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=caret. Accessed 15 Jan 2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"1894_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77","volume":"12","author":"X Robin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Robin X, Turck N, Hainard A et al (2011) pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinformatics 12(1):77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1894_CR44","unstructured":"Revelle W (2021) PsychTools: tools to accompany the \u2019psych; package for psychological research. Northwestern University. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=psychTools. Accessed 15 Jan 2024"},{"issue":"43","key":"1894_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","volume":"4","author":"H Wickham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wickham H, Averick M, Bryan J et al (2019) Welcome to the tidyverse. JOSS 4(43):1686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.01686","journal-title":"JOSS"},{"key":"1894_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","author":"Y Rosseel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosseel Y (2012) Lavaan\u202f: an R package for structural equation modeling. J Stat Soft. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","journal-title":"J Stat Soft"},{"issue":"1","key":"1894_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-4-49","volume":"4","author":"JM Eriksson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eriksson JM, Andersen LM, Bejerot S (2013) RAADS-14 Screen: validity of a screening tool for autism spectrum disorder in an adult psychiatric population. Mol Autism 4(1):49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2040-2392-4-49","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"1894_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9974791","volume":"2021","author":"SL Jones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jones SL, Johnson M, Alty B, Adamou M (2021) The effectiveness of RAADS-R as a screening tool for adult ASD populations. Autism Res Treat 2021:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/9974791","journal-title":"Autism Res Treat"},{"key":"1894_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, Katherine, Foulser, Alban, Tillmann, Katharine. Effects of language on social essentialist beliefs and stigma about mental illness. Published online 2022.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/4fgva"},{"issue":"8","key":"1894_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613231155770","volume":"27","author":"SC Jones","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jones SC, Gordon CS, Mizzi S (2023) Representation of autism in fictional media: a systematic review of media content and its impact on viewer knowledge and understanding of autism. Autism 27(8):2205\u20132217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613231155770","journal-title":"Autism"}],"container-title":["European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-024-01894-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00406-024-01894-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-024-01894-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T05:13:16Z","timestamp":1763701996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00406-024-01894-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,27]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-024-01894-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-1334","1433-8491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-1334","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-8491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and\/or discussion reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was carried out in accordance with the Code of Ethics of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committees of the Medical Faculties of the University of Freiburg (503\/15) and the University of Cologne (16\/089). The study was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00010622). All participants gave written consent to participate in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}