{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:43:25Z","timestamp":1792035805223,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001774","name":"University of Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a prevalent psychiatric condition characterised by problematic alcohol consumption and craving, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic interventions. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive component of cannabis, has shown potential in modulating neural processes associated with substance use disorders including AUD. This study aimed to investigate the effect of CBD on alcohol cue-induced activation of neurocircuitry associated with alcohol craving, and impact on mood, craving, and cognitive functioning in individuals with AUD. In a cross-over, double-blind, randomized trial, 22 non-treatment seeking individuals (M\u2009=\u200929 years) diagnosed with AUD (DSM-V) received either 800 mg of CBD or a matched placebo, completing two respective fMRI sessions. The primary outcome was neural activation in response to alcohol versus control visual cues, measured using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) alcohol cue reactivity task. Secondary outcomes included assessments of mood, craving, and cognitive functioning. Region of interest analyses showed no differences in alcohol cue-elicited activation between the CBD and placebo conditions. However, exploratory whole-brain analysis indicated a significant treatment effect of CBD in the precuneus which was independent of cue specificity. There were no significant treatment effects of CBD compared to placebo on acute craving, mood, or cognitive functioning. In non treatment seeking individuals with AUD, CBD modulates precuneus activity during alcohol cue exposure. Further studies examining the effect of CBD on treatment-seeking AUD individuals are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-025-01983-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T12:24:31Z","timestamp":1742300671000},"page":"2129-2139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cannabidiol attenuates precuneus activation during appetitive cue exposure in individuals with alcohol use disorder"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"275","author":[{"given":"Tristan","family":"Hurzeler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warren","family":"Logge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Watt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. S.","family":"McGregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Suraev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul S.","family":"Haber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0868-9928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten C.","family":"Morley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1983_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51254","volume":"215","author":"PS Haber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haber PS, Riordan BC, Winter DT et al (2021) New Australian guidelines for the treatment of alcohol problems: an overview of recommendations. Med J Aust 215:S3\u2013S32","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"1983_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.04.003","volume":"70","author":"VA Cardenas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cardenas VA, Durazzo TC, Gazdzinski S et al (2011) Brain morphology at entry into treatment for alcohol dependence is related to relapse propensity. Biol Psychiat 70:561\u2013567","journal-title":"Biol Psychiat"},{"key":"1983_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108883","volume":"203","author":"A Ilari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ilari A, Curti L, Petrella M et al (2022) Moderate ethanol drinking is sufficient to alter Ventral Tegmental area dopamine neurons activity via functional and structural remodeling of GABAergic transmission. Neuropharmacology 203:108883","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"1983_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.01.018","volume":"64","author":"N Makris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Makris N, Oscar-Berman M, Jaffin SK et al (2008) Decreased volume of the brain reward system in alcoholism. Biol Psychiatr 64:192\u2013202","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatr"},{"key":"1983_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2010.05.003","volume":"44","author":"Y Suzuki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Suzuki Y, Oishi M, Ogawa K et al (2010) Atrophy of the parahippocampal gyrus and regional cerebral blood flow in the limbic system in chronic alcoholic patients. Alcohol 44:439\u2013445","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"1983_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01614.x","volume":"36","author":"BP Rogers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rogers BP, Parks MH, Nickel MK et al (2012) Reduced fronto-cerebellar functional connectivity in chronic alcoholic patients. Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res 36:294\u2013301","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"1983_CR7","first-page":"363","volume":"374","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2016","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Koob GF (2016) McLellan ATJNEJoM: neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. Evaluat Brain Disease Model Addiction 374:363\u2013371","journal-title":"Evaluat Brain Disease Model Addiction"},{"key":"1983_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000248602.68607.81","volume":"26","author":"IL Petrakis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Petrakis IL (2006) A rational approach to the pharmacotherapy of alcohol dependence. J Clin Psychopharmacol 26:S3\u2013S12","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1983_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-006-0040-0","volume":"8","author":"HM Pettinati","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pettinati HM, Rabinowitz AR (2006) Choosing the right medication for the treatment of alcoholism. Curr Psychiatry Rep 8:383\u2013388","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"1983_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsads.2014.s17.79","author":"LR Zindel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zindel LR, Kranzler HR (2014) Pharmacotherapy of alcohol use disorders: seventy-five years of progress. J Stud Alcohol Drugs Supplement. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15288\/jsads.2014.s17.79","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs Supplement"},{"key":"1983_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2021.1892641","volume":"22","author":"KC Morley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morley KC, Perry CJ, Watt J et al (2021) New approved and emerging pharmacological approaches to alcohol use disorder: a review of clinical studies. Exp Opinion Pharmacother 22:1291\u20131303","journal-title":"Exp Opinion Pharmacother"},{"key":"1983_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01670-3","volume":"82","author":"EM Burnette","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burnette EM, Nieto SJ, Grodin EN et al (2022) Novel agents for the pharmacological treatment of alcohol use disorder. Drugs 82:251\u2013274","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"1983_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000272","volume":"27","author":"CN Nona","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nona CN, Hendershot CS, Le Foll BJE et al (2019) Effects of cannabidiol on alcohol-related outcomes: a review of preclinical and human research. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 27:359","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1983_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00379-8","volume":"15","author":"O Devinsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Devinsky O, Marsh E, Friedman D et al (2016) Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial. Lancet Neurol 15:270\u2013278","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1983_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.6","volume":"36","author":"MM Bergamaschi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bergamaschi MM, Queiroz RHC, Chagas MHN et al (2011) Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naive social phobia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:1219\u20131226","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1983_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.367","volume":"41","author":"M Haney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haney M, Malcolm RJ, Babalonis S et al (2016) Oral cannabidiol does not alter the subjective, reinforcing or cardiovascular effects of smoked Cannabis. Neuropsychopharmacology 41:1974\u20131982","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1983_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.15","volume":"2","author":"F Leweke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leweke F, Piomelli D, Pahlisch F et al (2012) Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Translational psychiatr 2:e94","journal-title":"Translational psychiatr"},{"key":"1983_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4790","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13250","volume":"172","author":"R Laprairie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Laprairie R, Bagher A, Kelly M et al (2015) Cannabidiol is a negative allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 172:4790\u2013805","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"1983_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8711","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.618447","volume":"290","author":"MW Elmes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elmes MW, Kaczocha M, Berger WT et al (2015) Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are intracellular carriers for \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). J Biol Chem 290:8711","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1983_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4393","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0529-04.2004","volume":"24","author":"JF Cheer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cheer JF, Wassum KM, Heien ML et al (2004) Cannabinoids enhance subsecond dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of awake rats. J Neurosci 24:4393\u20134400","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1983_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurzeler TW, Joshua; Logge Warren, Towers Ellen, Suraev Anastasia, Lintzeris Nicholas, Haber Paul, Morley Kirsten (2024)  Neuroimaging studies of cannabidiol and potential neurobiological mechanisms relevant for alcohol use disorders: A systematic review. J Cannabis Res 6(1):15","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-024-00224-0"},{"key":"1983_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12495","volume":"23","author":"A Viudez-Martinez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Viudez-Martinez A, Garcia-Gutierrez MS, Navarron CM et al (2018) Cannabidiol reduces ethanol consumption, motivation and relapse in mice. Addict Biol 23:154\u2013164","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"1983_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118805495","volume":"32","author":"A Viudez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Viudez-Mart\u00ednez A, Garc\u00eda-Guti\u00e9rrez MS (2018) Manzanares JJJoP: cannabidiol regulates the expression of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis-related genes in response to acute restraint stress. J Psychopharmacol 32:1379\u201384","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1983_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"appiajp20191810","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18101191","volume":"176","author":"YL Hurd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hurd YL, Spriggs S, Alishayev J et al (2019) Cannabidiol for the reduction of cue-induced craving and anxiety in drug-abstinent individuals with heroin use disorder: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 176:appiajp201918101191","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1983_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14243","volume":"113","author":"C Hindocha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hindocha C, Freeman TP, Grabski M et al (2018) Cannabidiol reverses attentional bias to cigarette cues in a human experimental model of tobacco withdrawal. Addiction 113:1696\u20131705","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"1983_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119841568","volume":"33","author":"MB Wall","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wall MB, Pope R, Freeman TP et al (2019) Dissociable effects of Cannabis with and without cannabidiol on the human brain\u2019s resting-state functional connectivity. J Psychopharmacol 33:822\u2013830","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1983_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0534-2","volume":"9","author":"R Wilson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wilson R, Bossong MG, Appiah-Kusi E et al (2019) Cannabidiol attenuates insular dysfunction during motivational salience processing in subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 9:1\u201310","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1983_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.5483","volume":"81","author":"A Sangchooli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sangchooli A, Zare-Bidoky M, Jouzdani AF et al (2024) Parameter space and potential for biomarker development in 25 years of fMRI drug cue reactivity: a systematic review. JAMA psychiatry 81(4):414","journal-title":"JAMA psychiatry"},{"key":"1983_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14167","volume":"43","author":"EN Grodin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grodin EN, Ray LA (2019) The use of functional magnetic resonance imaging to test pharmacotherapies for alcohol use disorder: a systematic review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 43:2038\u20132056","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"1983_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.06.031","volume":"128","author":"J Zeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeng J, Yu S, Cao H et al (2021) Neurobiological correlates of cue-reactivity in alcohol-use disorders: a voxel-wise meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 128:294\u2013310","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1983_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05192-5","volume":"238","author":"WB Logge","year":"2021","unstructured":"Logge WB, Morris RW, Baillie AJ et al (2021) Baclofen attenuates fMRI alcohol cue reactivity in treatment-seeking alcohol dependent individuals. Psychopharmacol 238:1291\u20131302","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1983_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.4.466","volume":"65","author":"H Myrick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Myrick H, Anton RF, Li X et al (2008) Effect of naltrexone and ondansetron on alcohol cue\u2013induced activation of the ventral striatum in alcohol-dependent people. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65:466\u201375","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1983_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12546","volume":"38","author":"K Mann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mann K, Vollst\u00e4dt-Klein S, Reinhard I et al (2014) Predicting naltrexone response in alcohol-dependent patients: the contribution of functional magnetic resonance imaging. Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res 38:2754\u20132762","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"1983_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2024.101341","volume":"13","author":"TP Hurzeler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hurzeler TP, Logge W, Watt J et al (2024) The neurobehavioural effects of cannabidiol in alcohol use disorder: study protocol for a double-blind, randomised, cross over, placebo-controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 13:101341","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials Commun"},{"key":"1983_CR35","volume-title":"Statistical Manual of mental disorders: Washington","author":"APA Diagnostic","year":"1994","unstructured":"Diagnostic APA (1994) Statistical Manual of mental disorders: Washington. American Psychiatric Association, DC"},{"key":"1983_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000118","volume":"9","author":"AF Manini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Manini AF, Yiannoulos G, Bergamaschi MM et al (2015) Safety and pharmacokinetics of oral cannabidiol when administered concomitantly with intravenous fentanyl in humans. J Addict Med 9:204\u2013210","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1983_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1300\/J175v03n04_01","volume":"3","author":"G Guy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guy G, Robson P (2014) A Phase I, open label, four-way crossover study to compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of a single dose of 20 mg of a Cannabis based medicine extract (CBME) administered on 3 different areas of the buccal mucosa and to investigate the pharmacokinetics of CBME per oral in healthy male and female volunteers (GWPK0112). J Cannabis Ther 3(4):79","journal-title":"J Cannabis Ther"},{"key":"1983_CR38","unstructured":"Solutions LNP (2021) Linnea ECS315. Linnea SA, Via Cantonale, CH-6595 Riazzino (TI), Switzerland, 2021"},{"key":"1983_CR39","unstructured":"Pharmaceuticals BA (2021) Cannabidiol (CBD) Isolate (Bod ECS100). Level 1, 377 New South Head Road, Double Bay, NSW 2028, Australia"},{"key":"1983_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R et al (2009) A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform 42:377\u2013381","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"1983_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01555.x","volume":"101","author":"KC Morley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morley KC, Teesson M, Reid SC et al (2006) Naltrexone versus acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a multi-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Addiction 101:1451\u20131462","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"1983_CR42","first-page":"22","volume":"59","author":"DV Sheehan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH et al (1998) The mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychitr 59:22\u201333","journal-title":"J Clin Psychitr"},{"key":"1983_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1988.tb00485.x","volume":"83","author":"LC Sobell","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sobell LC, Sobell MB, Leo GL et al (1988) Reliability of a timeline followback method: assessing normal drinkers\u2019 reports of recent drinking and a comparative evaluation across several populations. Br J Addict 83:393\u2013402","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"key":"1983_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.91.3.199","volume":"91","author":"HA Skinner","year":"1982","unstructured":"Skinner HA, Allen BA (1982) Alcohol dependence syndrome: measurement and validation. J Abnorm Psychol 91:199\u2013209","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1983_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04349.x","volume":"28","author":"BA Flannery","year":"1999","unstructured":"Flannery BA, Volpicelli JR, Pettinati H (1999) Psychometric properties of the penn alcohol craving scale. Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res 28:1289\u201395","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"1983_CR46","unstructured":"LLC. MS: Inquisit. Seattle, USA: Millisecond Software LLC., 2009"},{"key":"1983_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","volume":"54","author":"D Watson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A (1988) Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol 54:1063","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"1983_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01554.x","volume":"19","author":"MJ Bohn","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bohn MJ, Krahn DD, Staehler BA (1995) Development and initial validation of a measure of drinking urges in abstinent alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res 19:600\u20136","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"1983_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.8.2.75","volume":"8","author":"CW Lejuez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lejuez CW, Read JP, Kahler CW et al (2002) Evaluation of a behavioral measure of risk taking: the balloon analogue risk task (BART). J Exp Psychol Appl 8:75","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Appl"},{"key":"1983_CR50","first-page":"709","volume":"35","author":"B Figner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Figner B, Mackinlay RJ, Wilkening F et al (2009) Affective and deliberative processes in risky choice: age differences in risk taking in the columbia card task. J Exp Psychol: Learn Memory Cognition 35:709","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol: Learn Memory Cognition"},{"key":"1983_CR51","unstructured":"Reitan RM, Wolfson D (1985) The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery: Theory and clinical interpretation: Neuropsychology Press"},{"key":"1983_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-1828-4","volume":"175","author":"SM Gr\u00fcsser","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcsser SM, Wrase J, Klein S et al (2004) Cue-induced activation of the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex is associated with subsequent relapse in abstinent alcoholics. Psychopharmacology 175:296\u2013302","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1983_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.05.005","volume":"156","author":"B Fernandez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fernandez B, Leuchs L, S\u00e4mann PG et al (2017) Multi-echo EPI of human fear conditioning reveals improved BOLD detection in ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage 156:65\u201377","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1983_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0985","volume":"15","author":"R Deichmann","year":"2002","unstructured":"Deichmann R, Josephs O, Hutton C et al (2002) Compensation of susceptibility-induced BOLD sensitivity losses in echo-planar fMRI imaging. Neuroimage 15:120\u2013135","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1983_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0327-3","volume":"15","author":"O Esteban","year":"2020","unstructured":"Esteban O, Ciric R, Finc K et al (2020) Analysis of task-based functional MRI data preprocessed with fMRIPrep. Nat Protoc 15:2186\u20132202","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"1983_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0235-4","volume":"16","author":"O Esteban","year":"2019","unstructured":"Esteban O, Markiewicz CJ, Blair RW et al (2019) fMRIPrep: a robust preprocessing pipeline for functional MRI. Nat Methods 16:111\u2013116","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"1983_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2594(199907)42:1<87::AID-MRM13>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"42","author":"S Posse","year":"1999","unstructured":"Posse S, Wiese S, Gembris D et al (1999) Enhancement of BOLD-contrast sensitivity by single-shot multi-echo functional MR imaging. Magn Reson Med 42:87\u201397","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"1983_CR58","unstructured":"Cruz N, Melo O, Martinez CJapa (2023) CrossCarry: An R package for the analysis of data from a crossover design with GEE"},{"key":"1983_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2012.00464.x","volume":"18","author":"JP Schacht","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schacht JP, Anton RF, Myrick H (2013) Functional neuroimaging studies of alcohol cue reactivity: a quantitative meta-analysis and systematic review. Addict Biol 18:121\u2013133","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"1983_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12314","volume":"21","author":"KE Courtney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Courtney KE, Schacht JP, Hutchison K et al (2016) Neural substrates of cue reactivity: association with treatment outcomes and relapse. Addict Biol 21:3\u201322","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"1983_CR61","unstructured":"Brett M, Anton J-L, Valabregue R, et al. (2002) Region of interest analysis using an SPM toolbox; in 8th international conference on functional mapping of the human brain: Sendai"},{"key":"1983_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn789","volume":"3","author":"PT Fox","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fox PT, Lancaster JL (2002) Opinion: mapping context and content: the BrainMap model. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:319\u2013321","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1983_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn789","volume":"3","author":"PT Fox","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fox PT, Lancaster JL (2002) Mapping context and content: the BrainMap model. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:319\u2013321","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1983_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13069","volume":"27","author":"P Bach","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bach P, Reinhard I, Koopmann A et al (2022) Test\u2013retest reliability of neural alcohol cue-reactivity: Is there light at the end of the magnetic resonance imaging tube? Addict Biol 27:e13069","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"1983_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7900","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1602413113","volume":"113","author":"A Eklund","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eklund A, Nichols TE, Knutsson H (2016) Cluster failure: Why fMRI inferences for spatial extent have inflated false-positive rates. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113:7900\u20137905","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"1983_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.17","volume":"66","author":"S Bhattacharyya","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya S, Fusar-Poli P, Borgwardt S et al (2009) Modulation of mediotemporal and ventrostriatal function in humans by Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol: a neural basis for the effects of Cannabis sativa on learning and psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:442\u2013451","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1983_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3598","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad181","volume":"146","author":"NB Dadario","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dadario NB, Sughrue MEJB (2023) The functional role of the precuneus. Brain 146:3598\u20133607","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1983_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl004","volume":"129","author":"AE Cavanna","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cavanna AE, Trimble MR (2006) The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates. Brain 129:564\u2013583","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1983_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.04.026","volume":"141","author":"KE Courtney","year":"2014","unstructured":"Courtney KE, Ghahremani DG, London ED et al (2014) The association between cue-reactivity in the precuneus and level of dependence on nicotine and alcohol. Drug Alcohol Depend 141:21\u201326","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1983_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7568","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25846-2","volume":"8","author":"C Hindocha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hindocha C, Freeman TP, Grabski M et al (2018) The effects of cannabidiol on impulsivity and memory during abstinence in cigarette dependent smokers. Sci Rep 8:7568","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1983_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaa100","volume":"56","author":"C Bruijnen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bruijnen C, Walvoort S, Dijkstra B et al (2021) The course of cognitive performance during inpatient treatment in patients with alcohol use disorder with no, mild or major neurocognitive disorders. Alcohol Alcohol 56:89\u2013100","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"1983_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2016.1206113","volume":"43","author":"RA Stephan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stephan RA, Alhassoon OM, Allen KE et al (2017) Meta-analyses of clinical neuropsychological tests of executive dysfunction and impulsivity in alcohol use disorder. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 43:24\u201343","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"1983_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2594(199907)42:1<87::AID-MRM13>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"42","author":"S Posse","year":"1999","unstructured":"Posse S, Wiese S, Gembris D et al (1999) Enhancement of BOLD-contrast sensitivity by single-shot multi-echo functional MR imaging. Magn Reson Med 42:87\u201397","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"1983_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.10.012","volume":"24","author":"N Weiskopf","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weiskopf N, Klose U, Birbaumer N et al (2005) Single-shot compensation of image distortions and BOLD contrast optimization using multi-echo EPI for real-time fMRI. Neuroimage 24:1068\u20131079","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1983_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.10.057","volume":"62","author":"SJN Posse","year":"2012","unstructured":"Posse SJN (2012) Multi-echo acquisition. Neuroimage 62:665\u2013671","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1983_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.071","volume":"126","author":"E Kirilina","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kirilina E, Lutti A, Poser BA et al (2016) The quest for the best: The impact of different EPI sequences on the sensitivity of random effect fMRI group analyses. Neuroimage 126:49\u201359","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1983_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13807","volume":"42","author":"BD Kiluk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kiluk BD, Frankforter TL, Cusumano M et al (2018) Change in DSM-5 alcohol use disorder criteria count and severity level as a treatment outcome indicator: results from a randomized trial. Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res 42:1556\u201363","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"1983_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2017.1312423","volume":"43","author":"LA Ray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ray LA, Bujarski S, Yardley MM et al (2017) Differences between treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking participants in medication studies for alcoholism: do they matter? Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 43:703\u2013710","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"1983_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.13","volume":"212","author":"KC Morley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morley KC, Baillie A, Fraser I et al (2018) Baclofen in the treatment of alcohol dependence with or without liver disease: multisite, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 212:362\u2013369","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1983_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51336","volume":"215","author":"KM Conigrave","year":"2021","unstructured":"Conigrave KM, Ali RL, Armstrong R et al (2021) Revision of the Australian guidelines to reduce health risks from drinking alcohol. Med J Aust 215:518\u2013524","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"1983_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20050610","volume":"178","author":"D Shmulewitz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shmulewitz D, Aharonovich E, Witkiewitz K et al (2021) The world health organization risk drinking levels measure of alcohol consumption: prevalence and health correlates in nationally representative surveys of US adults, 2001\u20132002 and 2012\u20132013. Am J Psychiatry 178:548\u2013559","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-025-01983-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00406-025-01983-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00406-025-01983-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T08:02:57Z","timestamp":1762329777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00406-025-01983-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1983"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-025-01983-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0940-1334","1433-8491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0940-1334","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-8491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"T.H., W.L., J.W., P.H., and K.M.have no competing interests to disclose. ISM is Academic Director\u202fof\u202fthe Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, a philanthropically funded research program at the University\u202fof\u202fSydney. He has served as an expert witness in various medicolegal cases involving cannabis and has received consulting fees from Medical Cannabis Industry Australia (MCIA) and Janssen. He currently acts as an advisor\/consultant to Kinoxis Therapeutics, Psylo and Emyria. He reports research grants and salary support from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and from Lambert\u202fInitiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics. He is an inventor on patents WO2018107216A1 and WO2017004674A1, licensed to Kinoxis Therapeutics involving use\u202fof\u202fnovel small molecules (non-cannabinoid) to treat addictions and social deficits. ISM also has patents WO2020102857A1 and WO2021042178A1 related to use\u202fof\u202fsmall molecules (non-cannabinoid) for treating weight gain and opioid withdrawal, as well as patents WO2019227167 and WO2019071302 issued, which relate to cannabinoid therapeutics. AS has\u202freceived consulting fees from the Medical Cannabis Industry Australia (MCIA) and Haleon (consumer healthcare subsidiary of Glaxo Smith-Kline).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}